tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-11895508438909728722024-03-13T21:51:34.863-07:00All FAQ's - Frequently Asked Question's on all topicssandyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02503582209971047801noreply@blogger.comBlogger90125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1189550843890972872.post-65806235431775520472009-08-06T04:04:00.001-07:002009-08-06T04:04:36.326-07:00FACTS SHEET – INFLUENZA A (H1N1)• What is influenza – A(H1N1)<br /><br />Influenza – A (H1N1) (earlier know as swine flu) is a new influenza virus causing illness in people. First detected in Mexico in April, 2009, it has spread to many countries in the World. Swine flu is basically a misnomer. This was originally referred to as “swine flu” because laboratory testing showed that many of the genes in this new virus were very similar to those found in pigs in North America. Further on, it has been found that this new virus has gene segments from the swine, avian and human flu virus genes. The scientists calls this a ‘quadruple reassortant” virus and hence this new (novel) virus is christened “influenza-A (H1N1) virus.”<br /><br />• Influenza A(H1N1) outbreak<br /><br />It is causing an epidemic among humans in Mexico and it has spread to Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Denmark, Ecuador, El Salvador, Finland, France, Germany, Guatemala, India, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Republic of Korea, Malaysia, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Panama, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Turkey, UK and USA.<br /><br />• Are there human/infections with influenza – A (H1N1) in India?<br /><br />One passenger who traveled to India from USA has tested positive for Influenza A [H1N1]. There is no further spread from him. Do not panic!<br /><br />• Is it safe to take pork items?<br /><br />Pigs have nothing to do with this disease. Pork products are absolutely safe if properly cooked. There is no need to cull pigs. Do not panic if some pigs die in the community due to natural disease.<br /><br />• Is this flu virus contagious?<br /><br />Influenza A (H1N1) virus is contagious and spreading from human to human.<br /><br />• What are the signs and symptoms of influenza-A (H1N1) in people?<br /><br />The symptoms of swine flu in people are similar to the symptoms of regular seasonal flu and include fever, cough, sore throat, body aches, headache, chills and fatigue. Some people have reported diarrhea and vomiting associated with influenza-A (H1N1)<br /><br />• How does influenza-A (H1N1) spread?<br /><br />Flu viruses are spread mainly from person to person through droplets created while coughing or sneezing by a person infected with the influenza-A (H1N1).<br /><br />• How can someone with the flu infect someone else?<br /><br />Infected person may be able to infect others beginning one day before symptoms develop and up to seven or more days after becoming sick.<br /><br />• How to keep away from getting the flu?<br /><br />First and most important: Follow simple steps as cough etiquettes (covering mouth & nose with handkerchief or tissue paper while coughing), stay at least an arm’s length from persons coughing or sneezing, avoid gathering and wash your hands frequently. Try to stay in good general health. Get plenty of sleep, be physically active, manage your stress, drink plenty of fluids and eat nutritious food.<br /><br />• Are there medicines to treat this flu?<br /><br />Yes. Necessary medicines in sufficient quantity are available. The Government has in the designated hospitals stored medicines if required. It is strongly advisable not to take medicines of your own, as it will lower your immunity.<br /><br />• What can I do to protect myself from getting sick?<br /><br />(a) Cover your nose and mouth with a tissue when you cough or sneeze. Throw the tissue in the trash after you use it.<br />(b) Wash your hands often with soap and water, especially after you cough or sneeze. Alcohol-based hand cleaners are also effective.<br />(c) Avoid touching your eyes, nose or mouth. Germs spread this way.<br />(d) Try to avoid close contact with people having respiratory illness.<br />(e) If one gets sick with influenza, one must stay at home, away from work or school and limit contact with others to keep from infecting them. However, if one is having any respiratory distress, one should report to a nearby hospital.<br /><br />• What steps Government of India taking to prevent outbreak of this flu in India?<br /><br />(1) The strategy is basically to detect early cases among the passengers coming from the affected countries either by air, road or ship.<br />(2) The Government has launched a massive mass media campaign to inform and educate people on dos and do nots.<br />(3) Sharing information with public through media.<br /><br />APPEAL<br /><br />People who have traveled from the affected countries in the past ten days and show symptoms of influenza A (H1N1) like fever, cough, sore throat and difficulty in breathing should immediately contact the telephone number given below or the nearby Government Hospital.<br /><br />IMPORTANT CONTACT NUMBERS:<br /><br />Outbreak Monitoring Cell (Control Room, NICD): 011-23921401<br /><br />Important Websites:<br /><br />www.mohfw.nic.in; www.nicd.nic.inSumedhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11533458660230230361noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1189550843890972872.post-30918256641149383132009-08-06T04:02:00.002-07:002009-08-06T04:03:26.369-07:00Swine flu informationPune Swine flu information is available at: http://www.indianexpress.com/news/all-about-swine-flu/495447/0<br />Few more Links : http://www.swineflu.co.in/<br />http://www.mohfw.nic.in/SWINEFLU.htm<br /><br /><br />In case I have symptoms, where do I get tested for H1N1 in Pune?<br />You need to meet the doctors at Naidu hospital for examination.<br /><br />Where is Naidu hospital?<br />Naidu hospital is located near the Pune railway station. It is next to Hotel Le Meridian next to Raja Bahadur mill. When you go towards Le Meridian from RTO, take a left turn just before Le Meridian hotel and follow the signs.<br /><br />What procedure do I have to follow at Naidu hospital?<br />Locate the Quarantine ward at Naidu hospital. It is at ward number 7.<br />Meet the doctors for counseling. Doctors would guide you through the process.<br />The doctors decide whether you need to be administered the test or not.<br />In case you need not be tested, you are free to leave.<br /><br />What tests are done by the doctors?<br />In case you need to go through the test, you need to stay in the quarantine for a day. A sample of saliva is taken on a swab from your throat and nose. This sample is sent to National Institute of Virology (NIV) Pune. NIV tests the sample and declares the result by 3 pm if the sample is sent before 8 am on the same day. The result could be positive or negative or there is no decision.<br /><br />In case you are negative, you can go home.<br /><br />In case there is no decision, you need to stay one more day in the quarantine. Sample is taken the next day and testing is done.<br /><br />In case you are positive, you have H1N1 virus infection. In that case, you need to be in the quarantine ward for five days including the day of testing. Medicines are given to you and doctors visit you two or three times a day. Preventive medication is also given to your family members. On the fifth day, testing is done to confirm that the test is negative.<br /><br />What do I expect at the quarantine?<br />The quarantine area is a hospital ward.<br /><br />The hospital provides a bed and masks to you. You need to wear a mask all the time. Carry a mobile phone so that you can reach your family using the phone. Ask your family members to get you food, water and tea/coffee/milk. You can take your laptop and reading material so that you can spend your time well during your stay at the hospital.<br /><br />Toilets are common for the ward. There is no hot water in the bathroom, so taking bath is optional. Your family members cannot meet you. They can meet the attendant and hand over your tiffin to the attendant. The attendant will hand over the tiffin to you.<br /><br />If your young child is infected, you can help her/him by being with her/him in the quarantine. You cannot get out during the mandatory period. You need to take medication to prevent the infection and also wear a mask at all times.Sumedhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11533458660230230361noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1189550843890972872.post-51192820874304164342009-08-06T04:02:00.001-07:002009-08-06T04:02:25.641-07:00Safety Alert: Informative Plastic coding systemDid you ever drink from a plastic bottle and see a triangle symbol on the bottom with a number inside?<br /><br /><br /><br />Do you know what the number stands for?<br />Did you guess that it's just for recycling?<br />Then you are WRONG !!!!!!<br />THE NUMBER TELLS YOU THE CHEMICAL MAKE UP OF THE PLASTIC.....<br /><br />1) Polyethylene terephalate (PET)<br />2) High density polyethylene (HDPE)<br />3) Unplasticised polyvinyl chloride (UPVC) or Plasticised polyvinyl chloride (PPVC)<br />4) Low density polyethylene LDPE<br />5) Polypropylene (PP)<br />6) Polystyrene (PS) or Expandable polystyrene (EPS)<br />7) Other, including nylon and acrylic<br />What you aren't told is that many of the plastics used are toxic and the chemicals used to create a plastic can leach out of the plastic and into the food / drink.<br />Think about it, how many times have oua or a friend said "I don't like this, it taste like the plastic bottle ..... "<br />THAT'S BECAUSE YOU ARE TASTING THE PLASTIC<br /><br />Did you know chemical released by plastic water bottles can cause cancer<br /><br /><br />(It is not the water that affecting you but the chemical releasing from the bottle)<br />pl. circulate to all AS Chakan Officer’s<br /><br />The WORST ONES are Nos: 3, 6, and 7 !!!<br /><br />DO NOT USE THESE NUMBERS if stated at the bottom of the bottle) !!!<br /><br /><br />Check out this chart that breaks down the plastic, its uses and chemical makeup<br />(I find #7 a little scary)<br />http://www.epd. gov.hk/epd/ english/environm entinhk/waste/ guide_ref/ guide_plascod3. html<br /><br /><br /><br /><br />AVOID re-using plastic bottles RIGHT AWAY!!!<br /><br /><br /><br />________________________________________<br />---DISCLAIMER---------------------------------------------------------------------------- The contents of this E-mail (including the contents of the enclosure/(s) or attachment/(s) if any) are privileged and confidential material of Mahindra and Mahindra Limited (M&M) and should not be disclosed to, used by or copied in any manner by anyone other than the intended addressee/(s). If this E-mail (including the enclosure/(s) or attachment/(s) if any ) has been received in error, please advise the sender immediately and delete it from your system. The views expressed in this E-mail message (including the enclosure/(s) or attachment/(s) if any) are those of the individual sender. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------<br /><br />--~--~---------~--~----~------------~-------~--~----~<br />You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups "ragsjmpd" group.<br />To post to this group, send email to ragsjmpd@googlegroups.com<br />To unsubscribe from this group, send email to ragsjmpd+unsubscribe@googlegroups.com<br />For more options, visit this group at http://groups.google.co.uk/group/ragsjmpd?hl=en-GB<br /><br />-~----------~----~----~----~------~----~------~--~---<br /><br /><br /><br /><br />--<br />--<br />Thanks and regards,<br />Jai Prakash Mishra<br />----------------Sumedhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11533458660230230361noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1189550843890972872.post-84238503973822684782009-08-06T04:00:00.000-07:002009-08-06T04:01:09.010-07:00Swine Flu (H1N1 Flu)Recently increasing number cases of H1N1 Flu, commonly known as Swineflu have been identified in Pune especially in schools . This number is reportedly increasing daily as per the various reports. While government officials and doctors advise there is no need for panic, they emphasise it is important to be alert and aware to be prepared to take necessary steps both for prevention as well as treatment, in case of symptoms.<br />In wake of this situation we are publishing the following guidelines to be followed at work in the interest of individuals who may show some signs of being unwell as well as to avoid spreading the infection to others.<br /><br />1. Since most of the cases of have come from travel to foreign countries where this was widespread – it is important that all employees who come back from travel abroad, need to take two days off from office on return. In case any signs of flu are noticed in these days then the person needs to get checked up and cleared from H1N1 before resuming work.<br /><br />2. The influenza A(H1N1) virus appears to be as contagious as seasonal flu. In case you or your immediate family show any such signs as shown below, please consult the doctor and if necessary get yourself checked before coming to office.<br /><br />3. Stay home, if you are feeling unwell. Rest is advised by the doctors in such conditions, apart from medication and diet.<br /><br />Signs & Symptoms<br />You will not be able to tell the difference between seasonal flu and influenza A(H1N1) without medical help. Signs of influenza A(H1N1) are flu-like, including fever, cough, headache, muscle and joint pain, sore throat and runny nose, and sometimes vomiting and diarrhoea.<br />Only your medical practitioner and local health authority can confirm a case of influenza A(H1N1).<br /><br />To prevent kindly take following precaution<br />Avoid close contact and maintain a distance of about one meter from people who show influenza-like symptoms<br />Avoid touching your mouth, eyes and nose<br />Wash your hands with soap and water and dry them thoroughly, especially if you touch your mouth and nose<br />Cover your nose and mouth if you sneeze or cough and use disposable tissues<br />Avoid crowded areas, improve airflow in your living space if possible.<br />Maintain personal hygiene and Practice safe food consumption and adequate sleep<br />Avoid close contact with wild birds / animals. Stay away from the Zoo.<br />Ensure your regular workplace is kept clean.<br />Immediately contact physician in case of illness and fatigue or weakness.<br /><br />The treatment<br />For H1N1 flu is available only at the Pune Municipal Corporation's Naidu hospital and Aundh general hospital. Below mentioned are the helpline/landline numbers of these Hospitals:<br />• 24 hour Helpline number - 020-20250050<br />• Aundh Hospital, Near ICFAI Business School, Aundh Camp - 020 – 27280603/2<br />• Naidu Hospital, Near Le Meridian Hotel, Pune GPO - 020 – 26126242<br /><br />As per the latest reports, more medical centers are being appointed for diagnosis/treatment. We urge you to keep yourself updated about this information, which is being published by news/TV media.<br /><br />For more information on Swine flu visit:<br />http://www.who.int/csr/disease/swineflu/guidance/individuals/en/index.html (WHO website)<br />http://www.who.int/csr/disease/swineflu/frequently_asked_questions/what/en/index.html (WHO website)<br />http://www.indianexpress.com/news/all-about-swine-flu/495447/0 (for additional reading from the local news paper)<br /><br />We shall continue to monitor the situation in Pune and will communicate as necessary with updates.<br /><br />Thanks,<br />HR Team<br /><br />FAQs ( Source: Local newspaper site )<br /><br />In case I have symptoms, where do I get tested for H1N1 in Pune?<br />You need to meet the doctors at Naidu hospital for examination.<br /><br />Where is Naidu hospital?<br />Naidu hospital is located near the Pune railway station. It is next to Hotel Le Meridian next to Raja Bahadur mill. When you go towards Le Meridian from RTO, take a left turn just before Le Meridian hotel and follow the signs.<br /><br />What procedure do I have to follow at Naidu hospital?<br />Locate the Quarantine ward at Naidu hospital. It is at ward number 7.<br />Meet the doctors for counseling. Doctors would guide you through the process.<br />The doctors decide whether you need to be administered the test or not.<br />In case you need not be tested, you are free to leave.<br /><br />What tests are done by the doctors?<br />In case you need to go through the test, you need to stay in the quarantine for a day. A sample of saliva is taken on a swab from your throat and nose. This sample is sent to National Institute of Virology (NIV) Pune. NIV tests the sample and declares the result by 3 pm if the sample is sent before 8 am on the same day. The result could be positive or negative or there is no decision.<br /><br />In case you are negative, you can go home.<br /><br />In case there is no decision, you need to stay one more day in the quarantine. Sample is taken the next day and testing is done.<br /><br />In case you are positive, you have H1N1 virus infection. In that case, you need to be in the quarantine ward for five days including the day of testing. Medicines are given to you and doctors visit you two or three times a day. Preventive medication is also given to your family members. On the fifth day, testing is done to confirm that the test is negative.<br /><br />What do I expect at the quarantine?<br />The quarantine area is a hospital ward.<br /><br />The hospital provides a bed and masks to you. You need to wear a mask all the time. Carry a mobile phone so that you can reach your family using the phone. Ask your family members to get you food, water and tea/coffee/milk. You can take your laptop and reading material so that you can spend your time well during your stay at the hospital.<br /><br />Toilets are common for the ward. There is no hot water in the bathroom. Your family members cannot meet you. They can meet the attendant and hand over your tiffin to the attendant. The attendant will hand over the tiffin to you.<br /><br />If your young child is infected, you can help her/him by being with her/him in the quarantine. You cannot get out during the mandatory period. You need to take medication to prevent the infection and also wear a mask at all times.Sumedhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11533458660230230361noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1189550843890972872.post-82479261056592907742009-01-08T03:44:00.000-08:002009-01-08T03:46:01.653-08:00The attack on Mumbai (26/11/2008)Introduction<br />The attack on Mumbai (26/11 2008) has been a tragedy of extremely severe proportions.<br />It not only shook the people of Mumbai but also the country as a whole. Its repercussions<br />have been on the politics in South Asia.<br />Terrorism as such has been dominating the political scene from last few decades, more so<br />after the dastardly attack on World Trade Center on 9/11, 2001. While the official version<br />of the act has come under severe questioning, all the same this event was used by United<br />States to further its goal of controlling the oil wealth in the West Asia. It led to a chain of<br />events leading to the invasion of Afghanistan and occupation of Iraq by US. This resulted<br />in total misfortune on the people of Iraq, one symbol of that came in the form of<br />Muntadhar al-Zaidi, an Iraqi journalist hurling his shoes at George Bush. (December<br />2008).<br />The Al Qaeda which was blamed for the 9/11 has a long history and as its deeds came to<br />surface, one came to know in due course that it was formed by US itself to fight the<br />Russian armies in Afghanistan. The word, Islamic Terrorism was constructed by the US<br />media and was uncritically picked up by global media. The meanings of words Jihad and<br />Kafir were modified to suit the indoctrination module developed by US to train the<br />terrorists in the Madrassa especially set up in Pakistan. It is the left over of these groups<br />which have played havoc in South Asia, Kashmir and parts of India in particular.<br />As such terrorism has been also been the major expression of ethnic-national aspirations<br />of few regions in the World, Kashmir, North East, Sri Lank (Jafana) and Ireland (Irish<br />Republican Army). There have been attacks of terror after the gross injustices committed<br />on sections of society during communal carnages, after post Babri demolition Mumbai<br />violence and after Gujarat carnage of 2002. The worst political sin of current times has<br />been the US propaganda identifying terrorism with Islam and Muslims. The theory of<br />Clash of civilizations, which formed the ideological ground of attack on Muslim countries in<br />the West Asia, has been the hallmark of US policy after the collapse of Soviet Socialist<br />State. Israel and its terrorizing policies in the West Asia have been adjuncts of the US<br />Imperial designs.<br />Here in India, the acts of terror by Al Qaeda type groups were worst compounded by the<br />acts of terror done by RSS affiliates, Bajrang Dal, its plants in Bhonsla Military School and<br />what have you. Starting from April 2006 Nanded blast where two Bajrang Dal workers lost<br />their lives while making bombs, innumerable instances of involvement of RSS in the acts<br />of terror came to surface but were not pursued to their logical conclusion as the<br />investigating authorities were working on the ground that all terrorists are Muslims.<br />The matters changed when an upright ATS officer from Maharashtra, Hemant Karkare,<br />ignored this formulation and doggedly pursued the links and leads of Malegaon blast. The<br />evidence collected by him showed the involvement of Sadhvi Pragya Sigh Thakur, Swami<br />Dayanand pander, Lt Col Prasad Shrikant Purihit and Rtd Major Upadhayay in the<br />Malegaon blasts. The investigation of the Maalegaon blasts and other blasts invited the ire<br />of RSS affiliates and they threw abuses on Hemant Karkare.<br />In the context of Mumbai tragedy many thought provoking articles have been published.<br />These highlight most of the facets of the problem, the phenomenon of terrorism, the state<br />and social response to the same, the Government rushing to formulate new law giving<br />more powers to investigating authorities, the investigation into terror attacks, the events<br />building up to the terror attack and even the war cry against our neighbor, who herself is<br />the victim of this phenomenon in equal measure. What is important at this juncture is the<br />joint efforts by India and Pakistan to root out the phenomenon from the sub continent, to<br />investigate the terror attack and to pursue the investigations in to Malegaon blasts.<br />It is also imperative that we have a broader and long term vision of Peace and opposition<br />to Imperial designs of US, to restore the political/moral authority of UN with more<br />emphasis on democracy amongst nations and to strengthen the global democratic<br />process.<br />We wish to bring out such E digests for social activists to give them all the material for<br />their mulling over and making up their minds on various issues in the struggle against the<br />rising communalism and the threat of fascism.<br />Ram Puniyani, Shabnam Hashmi<br />Terror : The Aftermath<br />Anand Patwardhan<br />November 2008<br />The attack on Mumbai is over. After the numbing sorrow comes the blame game and the<br />solutions. Loud voices amplified by saturation TV: Why don't we amend our Constitution<br />to create new anti-terror laws? Why don't we arm our police with AK 47s? Why don't we do<br />what Israel did after Munich or the USA did after 9/11 and hot pursue the enemy?<br />Solutions that will lead us further into the abyss. For terror is a self-fulfilling prophecy. It<br />thrives on reaction, polarization, militarization and the thirst for revenge.<br />The External Terror<br />Those who invoke America need only to analyze if its actions after 9/11 increased or<br />decreased global terror. It invaded oil-rich Iraq fully knowing that Iraq had nothing to do<br />with 9/11, killing over 200,000 Iraqis citizens but allowing a cornered Bin Laden to escape<br />from Afghanistan. It recruited global support for Islamic militancy, which began to be<br />seen as a just resistance against American mass murder. Which begs the question of who<br />created Bin Laden in the first place, armed the madarsas of Pakistan and rejuvenated the<br />concept of Islamic jehad? Israel played its own role in stoking the fires of jehad. The very<br />creation of Israel in 1948 robbed Palestinians of their land, an act that Mahatma Gandhi to<br />his credit deplored at the time as an unjust way to redress the wrongs done to Jews during<br />the Holocaust. What followed has been a slow and continuing attack on the Palestinian<br />nation. At first Palestinian resistance was led by secular forces represented by Yasser<br />Arafat but as these were successfully undermined, Islamic forces took over the mantle.<br />The first, largely non-violent Intifada was crushed, a second more violent one replaced it<br />and when all else failed, human bombs appeared.<br />Thirty years ago when I first went abroad there were two countries my Indian passport<br />forbade me to visit. One was racist South Africa. The other was Israel. We were nonaligned<br />and stood for disarmament and world peace. Today Israel and America are our<br />biggest military allies. Is it surprising that we are on the jehadi hit list? Israel, America and<br />other prosperous countries can to an extent protect themselves against the determined<br />jehadi, but can India put an impenetrable shield over itself? Remember that when<br />attackers are on a suicide mission, the strongest shields have crumbled. New York was<br />laid low not with nuclear weapons but with a pair of box cutters. India is for many reasons<br />a quintessentially soft target. Our huge population, vast landmass and coastline are<br />impossible to protect. The rich may build new barricades. The Taj and the Oberoi can be<br />made safer. So can our airports and planes. Can our railway stations and trains, bus stops,<br />busses, markets and lanes do the same?<br />The Terror Within<br />The threat of terror in India does not come exclusively from the outside. Apart from being<br />hugely populated by the poor India is also a country divided, not just between rich and<br />poor, but by religion, caste and language. This internal divide is as potent a breeding<br />ground for terror as jehadi camps abroad. Nor is jehad the copyright of one religion alone.<br />It can be argued that international causes apart, India has jehadis that are fully home<br />grown. Perhaps the earliest famous one was Nathuram Godse who acting at the behest of<br />his mentor Vinayak Savarkar (still referred to as "Veer" or "brave" although he refused to<br />own up to his role in the conspiracy), murdered Mahatma Gandhi for the crime of<br />championing Muslims.<br />Jump forward to 6th December, 1992, the day Hindu fanatics demolished the Babri<br />Mosque setting into motion a chain of events that still wreaks havoc today. From the<br />Bombay riots of 1992 to the bomb blasts of 1993, the Gujarat pogroms of 2002 and<br />hundreds of smaller deadly events, the last 16 years have been the bloodiest since<br />Partition. Action has been followed by reaction in an endless cycle of escalating<br />retribution. At the core on the Hindu side of terror are organizations that openly admire<br />Adolph Hitler, nursing the hate of historic wrongs inflicted by Muslims. Ironically these<br />votaries of Hitler remain friends and admirers of Israel.<br />On the Muslim side of terror are scores of disaffected youth, many of whom have seen<br />their families tortured and killed in more recent pogroms. Christians too have fallen victim<br />to recent Hindutva terror but as yet not formed the mechanisms for revenge. Dalits<br />despite centuries of caste oppression, have not yet retaliated in violence although a small<br />fraction is being drawn into an armed struggle waged by Naxalites.<br />It is clear that no amount of spending on defense, no amount of patrolling the high seas,<br />no amount of increasing the military and police and equipping them with the latest<br />weaponry can end the cycle of violence or place India under a bubble of safety. Just as<br />nuclear India did not lead to more safety, but only to a nuclear Pakistan, no amount of<br />homeland security can save us. And inviting Israel's Mossad and America's CIA/FBI to the<br />security table is like giving the anti-virus contract to those who spread the virus in the first<br />place. It can only make us more of a target for the next determined jehadi attack.<br />Policing, Justice and the Media<br />As for draconian anti-terror laws, they too only breed terror as for the most part they are<br />implemented by a State machinery that has imbibed majoritarian values. So in Modi's<br />Gujarat after the ethnic cleansing of Muslims in 2002, despite scores of confessions to<br />rape and murder captured on hidden camera, virtually no Hindu extremists were<br />punished while thousands of Muslims rotted in jail under draconian laws. The same<br />happened in Bombay despite the Shiv Sena being found guilty by the Justice Shrikrishna<br />Commission. Under pressure a few cases were finally brought to trial but all escaped with<br />the lightest of knuckle raps. In stark contrast many Muslims accused in the 1993 bomb<br />blasts were given death sentences.<br />The bulk of our media, policing and judicial systems swallows the canard that Muslims are<br />by nature violent. Removing democratic safeguards guaranteed by the Constitution can<br />only make this worse. Every act of wrongful imprisonment and torture that then follows is<br />likely to turn innocents into material for future terrorists to draw upon. Already the double<br />standards are visible. While the Students Islamic Movement of India is banned, Hindutva<br />outfits like the RSS, the VHP, the Bajrang Dal, and the Shiv Sena remain legal entities. The<br />leader of the MNS, Raj Thackeray recently openly spread such hatred that several north<br />Indians were killed by lynch mobs. Amongst these were the Dube brothers, doctors from<br />Kalyan who treated the poor for a grand fee of Rs.10 per patient. Raj Thackeray like his<br />uncle Bal before him, remains free after issuing public threats that Bombay would burn if<br />anyone had the guts to arrest him. Modi remains free despite the pogroms of Gujarat.<br />Congress party murderers of Sikhs in 1984 remain free. Justice in India is clearly not<br />there for all. Increasing the powers of the police cannot solve this problem. Only honest<br />and unbiased implementation of laws that exist, can.<br />It is a tragedy of the highest proportions that one such honest policeman, Anti-Terrorist<br />Squad chief Hemant Karkare, who had begun to unravel the thread of Hindutva terror was<br />himself gunned down, perhaps by Muslim terror. It is reported that Col. Purohit and fellow<br />Hindutva conspirators now in judicial custody, celebrated the news of Karkare's death.<br />Until Karkare took charge, the Malegaon bomb blasts in which Muslims were killed and the<br />Samjhauta Express blasts in which Pakistani visitors to India were killed were being<br />blamed on Muslims. Karkare exposed a hitherto unknown Hindutva outfit as<br />masterminding a series of killer blasts across the country. For his pains Karkare came<br />under vicious attack not just from militant Hindutva but from the mainstream BJP. He was<br />under tremendous pressure to prove his patriotism. Was it this that led this senior officer<br />to don helmet and ill-fitting bullet proof vest and rush into battle with a pistol? Or was it<br />just his natural instinct, the same courage that had led him against all odds, to expose<br />Hindutva terror?<br />Whatever it was, it only underlines the fact that jehadis of all kinds are actually allies of<br />each other. So Bin Laden served George Bush and vice-versa. So Islamic and Hindutva<br />jehadis have served each other for years. Do they care who dies? Of the 200 people killed<br />in the last few days by Islamic jehadis, a high number were Muslims. Many were waiting to<br />board trains to celebrate Eid in their hometowns in UP and Bihar, when their co-religionists<br />gunned them down. Shockingly the media has not commented on this, nor focused on the<br />tragedy at the railway station, choosing to concentrate on tragedies that befell the wellto-<br />do. And it is the media that is leading the charge to turn us into a war-mongering police<br />state where we may lead lives with an illusion of safety, but with the certainty of<br />joylessness.<br />I am not arguing that we do not need efficient security at public places and at vulnerable<br />sites. But real security will only come when it is accompanied by real justice, when the<br />principles of democracy are implemented in every part of the country, when the legitimate<br />grievances of people are not crushed, when the arms race is replaced by a race for<br />decency and humanity, when our children grow up in an atmosphere where religious faith<br />is put to the test of reason. Until such time we will remain at the mercy of "patriots" and<br />zealots.<br />As The Fires Die :<br />The Terror of The Aftermath<br />By Biju Mathew<br />06 December, 2008<br />Samar Mag<br />As the smoke lifts from Mumbai, skepticism must prevail over those conjectures which<br />support the official state narrative. It is crucial to increase the pressure for transparency<br />and accountability at this moment to ensure that India doesn't slide into the same state as<br />post-9/11 USA.<br />The deaths continue even as I write this. The death toll stands at 195. And of the several<br />hundred injured some may not survive. It is now official. The siege is over. The last of the<br />gunmen inside the Taj Hotel has been shot dead. The other targets - the Leopold Cafe (a<br />popular tourist hangout), the CST railway terminus (also called the Victoria Terminus),<br />the Metro Cinema, the Cama Hospital, all seem to be targets the gunmen attacked as they<br />zoned in on the hotels and Nariman House. In the end this has become a story of two sets<br />of men with guns.<br />The human story of the innocents who died, the hotel staff who kept their cool and moved<br />guests around the hotel through the service entryways and exits, those who helped each<br />other escape, will not really make it to the headlines. The maintenance worker at the<br />Oberoi who shielded guests and took the bullets in his stomach will remain unsung. The<br />hospital orderlies who ran in and out with stretchers carrying the wounded - each time not<br />knowing if they will make it back themselves to the ambulance, will not be noted. The<br />several trainee chefs at the Taj who fell to bullets even as other kitchen workers escorted<br />guests away from the firing and hid them inside a private clubroom will not be written up<br />in the book of heroes. The young waiter at Leopold who was to leave to work in a Cape<br />Town restaurant will soon be forgotten. The two young men who dragged an Australian<br />tourist shot in the leg away from the Leopold entrance and carried her to a taxi will not<br />even identify themselves so that she can thank them. These stories, in as much as they<br />are told, will remain on the lips of only the workers, the guests and the tourists who helped<br />each other. The officials will try and produce a clean story to tell the world. And we know<br />the clean story is untrue.<br />The official story that has already begun to emerge is one that may have some facts<br />embedded in it. But we must remember that between every two facts is a lot of<br />conjecture. The conjectures that unite the few facts (16 gunmen, AK47s, grenades,<br />passports of multiple nationalities, boats on which at least some of them arrived, a dead<br />Anti-Terror Squad (ATS) chief, Hemant Karkare, who was heading the investigation<br />against the Hindu Right wings' terror campaign, the gunmen trying to identify British and<br />American citizens) makes the story. The story then is as much a product of the conjecture<br />as it is of the facts. And there are certain stories that we are already oriented towards. The<br />conjectures that create that story - the story we are already prepared for - is the one the<br />State will dole out for our consumption. Already the conjectures that will serve the State,<br />are out there in great profusion.<br />Several reporters have noted that the gunmen were clean-shaven, dressed in jeans and<br />T-shirts. The silent conjecture is that they were expecting and were surprised by the fact<br />that these men did not have beards and did not sport the Muslim prayer cap. Every<br />newspaper worth its salt - the Times of India, the Jerusalem Post, the Independent from<br />the UK, among scores of others - have already run commentary on the unsecured<br />coastline of India. The conjectural subtext is that securing the coastline is possible and if<br />India had done so, this attack would have been prevented.<br />There is also a quick labeling going on -- India's 9/11. The subtext is that India could and<br />should act as the US did after 9/11 - decisively and with great aggression. There is also<br />the subtext that the Indian State is soft on terror that adds to the US-tough-on-terror<br />contrast. Sadanand Dhume, writing in the Wall Street Journal, has castigated the Indian<br />government for withdrawing the Prevention of Terrorism Act (POTA) and for preventing<br />states like Gujarat from passing their own version of the draconian worse-than-Patriot Act<br />legislations. Neither Mr. Dhume, nor the several reporters who will now write stories about<br />how the POTA repeal represents the Indian State's soft attitude towards terror will ever<br />feel the need to explain how POTA could have prevented this attack.<br />The dead are on the floor. The vultures are moving in. The conjecture will try to unite the<br />country into a series of unexamined positions. That POTA must be recalled. That States<br />must be allowed to pass even more draconian laws. That Hindu terror is not a big issue<br />and must be forgotten for now - especially now that we may not find an honest policeman<br />or woman to head the ATS. That the defense budget must go up. That the coastline must<br />be secured.<br />None of the well educated masters of the media will write that the 7000 odd kilometer<br />coastline cannot be protected - that all it will translate to is billions in contracts for all and<br />sundry including Israeli and American consultants. Nobody will write that a hundred<br />POTAs will not prevent a terror attack like this one; that Guantanamo Bay has not yielded<br />a single break through. Nobody will write that higher defense budgets have been more<br />often correlated with insecure and militarized lives for ordinary citizens. Nobody will write<br />that almost without exception all of US post-9/11 policies have been disasters. Bin Laden<br />is still around, I am told and so is the Al Qaeda. The number of fundamentalist Christians,<br />Muslims, Hindus and Jews have probably gone up over the last decade. So much for good<br />policy. But the conjecture will go on.<br />The foreign hand and its internal partner will be floated without ever naming anything<br />precise. But the country will read it just as it is meant to be read - Pakistan and the Indian<br />Muslim. Everything will rest on the supposed confession of the one gunman who has been<br />captured. A Pakistani from Faridkot, I am told. Why should we believe it? Didn't the same<br />Indian State frame all the supposed accomplices in the Parliament attack case? Didn't the<br />same Indian State claim that the assassins of Chattisinghpura were from across the<br />border until that story fell apart? And more recently, didn't the same Indian State finally<br />agree that all the accused in the Mecca Masjid bombings were actually innocent? And<br />even if Mr. Assassin supposedly from Faridkot did say what he did say - why should we<br />believe him? Why is it so difficult to believe that he has his lines ready and scripted? If he<br />was willing to die for whatever cause he murdered for, then can he not lie? Oh the lie<br />detector test - that completely discredited science that every militarized State trots out.<br />And the media love the lie detector test because it is the best scientific garb you can give<br />to conjecture.<br />I certainly don't know the truth. But I do know that there is more than enough reason for<br />skepticism. The problem is that we need a new theory of the State. We need to reunderstand<br />the State.<br />There is such unanimity when it comes to analyzing the Pakistani State - that the ISI, and<br />if not all of the ISI, at least a segment of it, is a rogue element Furthermore, that its bosses<br />may not be sitting in Islamabad, but perhaps elsewhere in the country or even abroad. If<br />we can accept that about the Pakistani State, why is it so difficult to accept it about the<br />Indian State? We all know that Colin Powell was a kind of a patsy - a fall guy, who trotted<br />out some lies on behalf of a segment of the neo-conservative movement firmly<br />entrenched within the American State (which Obama will not touch). We also know that if<br />the ISI has a rogue element in it, it was in good part created by the CIA. Then why do we<br />think that the same guys couldn't render another State - such as the US - itself hollow<br />from the inside.<br />The contemporary State is a different being. For every story of money-corruption you<br />hear, there could just as well be one of political-corruption. Every vested interest who<br />locates himself inside the State apparatus is not just a vested interest going after money<br />but could just as well be securing the space for creating a certain politics. The RSS has a<br />long history of trying to take over the bureaucracy, doesn't it? So do the neo-cons and so<br />do the jamaatis. Then why do we believe in a theory of the State that is unified and with<br />liberal goals?<br />The history of the liberal State and its relationship with capitalism of all types is a simple<br />one. The longer that relationship persists the more corrupt and hollow the liberal State<br />gets, leaving the space open for political ideologies to occupy its very insides. The logic for<br />this is inherent in the very system. If profit is above all, then given the power the State<br />has, it must be bought. Cheney is no different from Shivraj Patil, and Ambani is no<br />different from Halliburton. They are both part of the story of hollowing the State out. And<br />once the hollowing process begins, every ideological force can find its way in, as long as it<br />has resources. The archetypal bourgeois liberal State is over. It never really existed, but<br />what we have at the end of four decades of neo-liberalism bears no resemblance to the<br />ideal formulation whatsoever. What we have instead is a series of hollowed out States<br />with their nooks and crannies, their departments and offices populated with specific neoconservative<br />ideological interests. The US has its variant. India has its. And Israel its very<br />own. It is incapable of delivering the truth, and not just the truth, it is only capable of<br />producing lies.<br />If this story of skepticism makes sense then we have only one choice. To understand that<br />it is crucial to increase the pressure for transparency at this moment, to be relentless in<br />our demand for openness and detail, in our call to ensure that no investigation or inquiry<br />that was in place be halted and that every one of these be subjected to public scrutiny. It is<br />our responsibility to reject the discourse of secrecy based on security and demand specific<br />standards of transparency. What we should demand is that every senior minister and<br />every senior intelligence officer be examined and the records be made available to the<br />public. What we must demand is that an officer of impeccable record be found to replace<br />Hemant Karkare. What we must demand is that we get explanations of how a POTA clone<br />would have stopped this crime. What we must ask is how POTA or the Patriot Act could<br />have ever helped prevent terror? What we must do is support the Karkare family in their<br />demand for a full investigation of his death in the company of the encounter specialist-<br />Salaskar. What we must have is an open debate on every single case of terror over the last<br />decade in India.<br />When I am in Bombay, I always stay at a friend's on Third Pasta Lane. Each afternoon I<br />would walk out and see the Nariman House. I have wondered what the decrepit building<br />was. I have always contrasted the drabness of the building with the colorful sign on the<br />next building that announces Colaba Sweet House. The next time I won't wonder. I will<br />know that it was one of the places where the drama that inaugurated India's renewed<br />march towards fascism unfolded. Unless we act. Unless we act with speed and<br />determination demanding transparency and accountability and a careful rewriting of the<br />story of terror in India. Only a renewed movement can ensure that India doesn't slide into<br />the same state as post 9/11 USA.<br />Biju Mathew is a member of the Campaign to Stop Funding Hate and the Coalition<br />Against Genocide.<br />Hotel Taj : Icon Of Whose India ?<br />Gnani Sankaran<br />04 December, 2008<br />Openspace.org.in<br />Watching at least four English news channels surfing from one another during the last 60<br />hours of terror strike made me feel a terror of another kind. The terror of assaulting one's<br />mind and sensitivity with cameras, sound bites and non-stop blabbers. All these channels<br />have been trying to manufacture my consent for a big lie called - Hotel Taj the icon of<br />India. Whose India, Whose Icon ?<br />It is a matter of great shame that these channels simply did not bother about the other<br />icon that faced the first attack from terrorists - the Chatrapathi Shivaji Terminus (CST)<br />railway station. CST is the true icon of Mumbai. It is through this railway station hundreds<br />of Indians from Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan, West Bengal and Tamilnadu have poured<br />into Mumbai over the years, transforming themselves into Mumbaikars and built the<br />Mumbai of today along with the Marathis and Kolis<br />But the channels would not recognise this. Nor would they recognise the thirty odd dead<br />bodies strewn all over the platform of CST. No Barkha dutt went there to tell us who they<br />were. But she was at Taj to show us the damaged furniture and reception lobby braving<br />the guards. And the TV cameras did not go to the government run JJ hospital to find out<br />who those 26 unidentified bodies were. Instead they were again invading the battered Taj<br />to try in vain for a scoop shot of the dead bodies of the page 3 celebrities.<br />In all probability, the unidentified bodies could be those of workers from Bihar and Uttar<br />Pradesh migrating to Mumbai, arriving by train at CST without cell phones and pan cards<br />to identify them. Even after 60 hours after the CST massacre, no channel has bothered to<br />cover in detail what transpired there.<br />The channels conveniently failed to acknowledge that the Aam Aadmis of India surviving<br />in Mumbai were not affected by Taj, Oberoi and Trident closing down for a couple of weeks<br />or months. What mattered to them was the stoppage of BEST buses and suburban trains<br />even for one hour. But the channels were not covering that aspect of the terror attack.<br />Such information at best merited a scroll line, while the cameras have to be dedicated for<br />real time thriller unfolding at Taj or Nariman bhavan.<br />The so called justification for the hype the channels built around heritage site Taj falling<br />down (CST is also a heritage site), is that Hotel Taj is where the rich and the powerful of<br />India and the globe congregate. It is a symbol or icon of power of money and politics, not<br />India. It is the icon of the financiers and swindlers of India. The Mumbai and India were<br />built by the Aam Aadmis who passed through CST and Taj was the oasis of peace and<br />privacy for those who wielded power over these mass of labouring classes. Leopold club<br />and Taj were the haunts of rich spoilt kids who would drive their vehicles over sleeping<br />Aam Aadmis on the pavement, the Mafiosi of Mumbai forever financing the glitterati of<br />Bollywood (and also the terrorists) , Political brokers and industrialists.<br />It is precisely because Taj is the icon of power and not people, that the terrorists chose to<br />strike.<br />The terrorists have understood after several efforts that the Aam cAadmi will never break<br />down even if you bomb her markets and trains. He/she was resilient because that is the<br />only way he/she can even survive.<br />Resilience was another word that annoyed the pundits of news channels and their patrons<br />this time. What resilience, enough is enough, said Pranoy Roy's channel on the left side of<br />the channel spectrum. Same sentiments were echoed by Arnab Goswami representing<br />the right wing of the broadcast media whose time is now. Can Rajdeep be far behind in this<br />game of one upmanship over TRPs? They all attacked resilience this time. They wanted<br />firm action from the government in tackling terror.<br />The same channels celebrated resilience when bombs went off in trains and markets<br />killing and maiming the Aam Aadmis. The resilience of the ordinary worker suited the rich<br />business class of Mumbai since work or manufacture or film shooting did not stop. When it<br />came to them, the rich shamelessly exhibited their lack of nerves and refused to be<br />resilient themselves. They cry for government intervention now to protect their private<br />spas and swimming pools and bars and restaurants, similar to the way in which Citibank,<br />General Motors and the ilk cry for government money when their coffers are emptied by<br />their own ideologies.<br />The terrorists have learnt that the ordinary Indian is unperturbed by terror. For one whose<br />daily existence itself is a terror of government sponsored inflation and market sponsored<br />exclusion, pain is something he has learnt to live with. The rich of Mumbai and India Inc<br />are facing the pain for the first time and learning about it just as the middle classes of<br />India learnt about violation of human rights only during emergency, a cool 28 years after<br />independence. And human rights were another favourite issue for the channels to whip at<br />times of terrorism. Arnab Goswami in an animated voice wondered where were those<br />champions of human rights now, not to be seen applauding the brave and selfless police<br />officers who gave up their life in fighting terorism. Well, the counter question would be<br />where were you when such officers were violating the human rights of Aam Aadmis. Has<br />there ever been any 24 hour non stop coverage of violence against dalits and adivasis of<br />this country?<br />This definitely was not the time to manufacture consent for the extra legal and third<br />degree methods of interrogation of police and army but Arnabs don't miss a single<br />opportunity to serve their class masters, this time the jingoistic patriotism came in handy<br />to whitewash the entire uniformed services.<br />The sacrifice of the commandos or the police officers who went down dying at the hands of<br />ruthless terrorists is no doubt heart rending but in vain in a situation which needed not<br />just bran but also brain. Israel has a point when it says the operations were misplanned<br />resulting in the death of its nationals here.<br />Khakares and Salaskars would not be dead if they did not commit the mistake of traveling<br />by the same vehicle. It is a basic lesson in management that the top brass should never<br />travel together in crisis. The terrorists, if only they had watched the channels, would have<br />laughed their hearts out when the Chief of the Marine commandos, an elite force, masking<br />his face so unprofessionally in a see-through cloth, told the media that the commandos<br />had no idea about the structure of the Hotel Taj which they were trying to liberate. But the<br />terrorists knew the place thoroughly, he acknowledged.<br />Is it so difficult to obtain a ground plan of Hotel Taj and discuss operation strategy<br />thoroughly for at least one hour before entering? This is something even an event<br />manager would first ask for, if he had to fix 25 audio systems and 50 CCtvs for a cultural<br />event in a hotel. Would not Ratan Tata have provided a plan of his ancestral hotel to the<br />commandos within one hour considering the mighty apparatus at his and government's<br />disposal? Are satelite pictures only available for terrorists and not the government<br />agencies ? In an operation known to consume time, one more hour for preparation would<br />have only improved the efficiency of execution. Sacrifices become doubly tragic in<br />unprofessional circumstances. But the Aam Aadmis always believe that terror-shooters<br />do better planning than terrorists. And the gullible media in a jingoistic mood would not<br />raise any question about any of these issues.<br />They after all have their favourite whipping boy - the politician the eternal entertainer for<br />the non-voting rich classes of India.<br />Arnabs and Rajdeeps would wax eloquent on Nanmohan Singh and Advani visiting<br />Mumbai separately and not together showing solidarity even at this hour of national crisis.<br />What a farce? Why can't these channels pool together all their camera crew and reporters<br />at this time of national calamity and share the sound and visual bytes which could mean a<br />wider and deeper coverage of events with such a huge human resource to command?<br />Why should Arnab and Rajdeep and Barkha keep harping every five minutes that this<br />piece of information was exclusive to their channel, at the time of such a national crisis? Is<br />this the time to promote the channel? If that is valid, the politician promoting his own<br />political constituency is equally valid. And the duty of the politican is to do politics, his<br />politics. It is for the people to evaluate that politics. And terrorism is not above politics. It<br />is politics by other means.<br />To come to grips with it and to eventually eliminate it, the practice of politics by proper<br />means needs constant fine tuning and improvement. Decrying all politics and politicians,<br />only helps terrorists and dictators who are the two sides of the same coin. And the rich and<br />powerful always prefer terrorists and dictators to do business with.<br />Those caught in this crossfire are always the Aam Aadmis whose deaths are not even<br />mourned - the taxi driver who lost the entire family at CST firing, the numerous waiters<br />and stewards who lost their lives working in Taj for a monthly salary that would be one<br />time bill for their masters.<br />Postscript: In a fit of anger and depression, I sent a message to all the channels, 30 hours<br />through the coverage. After all they have been constantly asking the viewers to message<br />them for anything and everything. My message read: I send this with lots of pain. All<br />channels, including yours, must apologise for not covering the victims of CST massacre,<br />the real mumbaikars and aam aadmis of India. Your obsession with five star elite is<br />disgusting. Learn from the print media please. No channel bothered. Only Srinivasan Jain<br />replied: you are right. We are trying to redress balance today. Well, nothing happened till<br />the time of writing this 66 hours after the terror attack.<br />Why the United States got it wrong<br />P. Sainath<br />It is worth learning this: Al-Qaeda was the biggest beneficiary of the "response" of the<br />United States to 9/11 alongside U.S. corporations. America's "War on Terror" produced<br />far more terrorism in the world than there had been prior to that response.<br />Of all the arguments making the rounds after the appalling slaughter of 180 people in<br />Mumbai, the worst is this: that India should learn from the United States about how to<br />respond to such terror. "Look at the USA," goes the refrain, "after 9/11 has there been<br />another attack on U.S. soil?" In short, Washington's measures after that tragedy were so<br />effective, nobody ever bothered them again. This knocks at the doors of insanity. The U.S.<br />" ;response" does stand out as worth learning from. There is very little it did not get<br />wrong.<br />Around 3,000 people lost their lives in the dreadful attacks on the World Trade Centre in<br />New York on 9 /11. America's response was to go to war. It launched two wars, one of<br />against a country that had not a single link to the events of 9/11. Close to a million human<br />beings have lost their lives in that response. That includes 4,000 U.S. troops in Iraq and<br />nearly 1,000 in Afghanistan. That is apart from several hundred thousand Iraqis losing<br />their lives. Countless Afghans die each month, as one of the world's poorest states sinks<br />deeper into devastation. (Afghanistan, for U.S. liberals, is "the good war.") Millions have<br />suffered dislocation and deprivation in the region.<br />$ 3 trillion-war<br />Nobel Laureate Joseph Stiglitz estimates that the Iraq war is costing the United States $ 3<br />trillion in all. (About three times India's GDP.) Good news for American corporations that<br />make a killing every time there is large-scale killing, but not of much use to ordinary<br />Americans. With the U.S. economy in awful crisis, those costs are haemorrhaging. The<br />war in Iraq was launched with "intelligence" findings on "weapons of mass destruction<br />(WMDs)" being stockpiled in that country. And on the ground that Baghdad was linked to<br />9/11. This was the excuse for the "response." Both claims proved false. At the time, the<br />US media played a huge role -- its response -- in planting fabricated WMD stories. That<br />helped launch perhaps the most destructive conflict of our time. American costs also<br />include tens of thousands wounded, injured and ill soldiers. With over 100,000 US<br />soldiers "returning from the war suffering serious mental health disorders, a significant<br />fraction of which will be chronic afflictions." (Stiglitz: "The Three Trillion Dollar War.").<br />Besides, the war meant huge spending cuts at home. At the time of writing, California, the<br />largest of American states, is mulling massive cuts. "Its budget deficit is around $ 11<br />billion," says journalist and analyst Conn Hallinan. "Just about a month's worth of war<br />costs in Iraq and Afghanistan."<br />By late 2006, a little over three years after that "response" began, over 650,000 Iraqis<br />were estimated to have lost their lives. A survey by researchers at the Johns Hopkins<br />Bloomberg School of Public Health in Baltimore, Maryland and the Al Mustansiriya<br />University in Baghdad put it bluntly: "As many as 654,965 more Iraqis may have died<br />since hostilities began in Iraq in March 2003 than would have been expected under prewar<br />conditions. The deaths from all causes — violent and non-violent — are over and<br />above the estimated 143,000 deaths per year that occurred from all causes prior to the<br />March 2003 invasion." Iraq's overall mortality rate more than doubled from 5.5 deaths<br />per 1,000 persons before the war began to 13.3 per 1,000 persons by late 2006.<br />Many more civilians have died since then, an extension of the USA's "response" to 9/11.<br />Pre-war Iraq was the Arab country most ruthless towards Islamic fundamentalists.<br />Today, the latter wield enormous power in a country they had no base in.<br />Fundamentalism harvested new recruiting fields — fertilised by U.S. violence. It's worth<br />learning this: Al Qaeda was the biggest beneficiary of the "response" of the United<br />States to 9/11 alongside U.S. corporations. America's "War on Terror" — produced far<br />more terrorism in the world than there had been prior to that response.<br />There are other lessons in the U.S. debacle. Almost every week now, the U.S. bombs<br />some part of Pakistan — its firm ally of decades. Civilians are routinely killed by this, and<br />if Mr. Obama's campaign promises are to be kept, this will go up. So will the appeal of<br />fundamentalism amongst the affected.<br />This is Islamabad's reward for decades of faithful support to American military<br />adventures in Afghanistan. A lot of Pakistan's distress arises from the very kind of<br />strategic ties with the United States that India's elite would so love to have themselves.<br />Also, the resultant undermining of Pakistan, is bad news for India. More<br />fundamentalisms, more militancy, and worse, both sides of the border.<br />"Embedded journalism"<br />The media too, have much to learn from the response of their U.S. counterparts. The<br />"embedded journalism" that disgraced some of America's leading media institutions.<br />Regardless of a bleating anti-war editorial, The New York Times will never live down its<br />WMD stories. The very media that now mock George Bush propped him up at the time.<br />Now they report how unpopular the war is, how silly he was. But the "war for ratings"<br />had already done damage hard to undo. It's both pathetic and funny: the very forces in<br />the United States that saw only external and foreign reasons for all that had happened<br />— now advise India exactly the opposite. Not to rush to any such conclusions. "In<br />coming days," says the New York Times for example, "India will have to look inward to<br />see where and how its government failed to protect its citizens."<br />The damage of whipped up hysteria as part of the "response" occurred within the United<br />States, too. Sikhs in America became the targets of vicious hate crimes across the<br />country after 9/11. Why? The demonising for years of anyone with turbans and beards<br />made them targets of "retaliation." One Sikh body says it has logged over 300 hate crimes<br />against Sikhs after 9/11. These include torching of a home, vandalising of Gurdwaras,<br />vicious assaults and one death by shooting. This is the model to emulate?<br />Curbing of civil liberties<br />Globally, the barbaric prison camp at Guantanamo, from where several prisoners have<br />been released as innocent after years of brutal torture, has been a widely criticised part of<br />the American "response." Inside the United States, the curbing of civil liberties — a vital<br />9/11 response — was at its worst since the McCarthy period. The Patriot Act was just one<br />symbol of these. And Mr. Bush now ranks among the most despised U.S. Presidents of all<br />time. (Though he did succeed, in another constituency, in bringing more popularity to<br />Osama bin Laden than Al-Qaeda's leader could have dreamed of.)<br />There is a need for a strong and vigorous response to the appalling outrage in Mumbai.<br />Parts of what that should be are obvious: bringing the guilty to book, revamping the<br />intelligence networks, overhauling a range of security agencies, being more prepared. It<br />is no less vital, though, that the immediate response also be to deny the authors of the<br />outrage the success of their goal. To ensure that further polarisation within Mumbai<br />society along religious, sectarian lines does not occur. To make sure that innocent people<br />are not killed or terrorised in the "response." To dump the notion that shredding civil<br />liberties and democratic rights helps anybody in any way. Shred chauvinism and jingoism,<br />not the Constitution of India. To strongly counter those attempting to foment communal<br />strife, regardless of which religion they belong to. To see there is no repeat of 1992-93<br />when close to a quarter of a million people fled the city in terror. That would a great reply.<br />But to learn from Mumbai's events that we should emulate America's response — at the<br />very time Americans are figuring out how poorly they were served by it — would be to<br />repeat history both as tragedy and as farce.<br />The monster in the mirror<br />The Mumbai attacks have been dubbed 'India's 9/11', and there are calls for a 9/11-style<br />response, including an attack on Pakistan. Instead, the country must fight terrorism with<br />justice, or face civil war<br />We've forfeited the rights to our own tragedies. As the carnage in Mumbai raged on, day<br />after horrible day, our 24-hour news channels informed us that we were watching "India's<br />9/11". Like actors in a Bollywood rip-off of an old Hollywood film, we're expected to play<br />our parts and say our lines, even though we know it's all been said and done before.<br />As tension in the region builds, US Senator John McCain has warned Pakistan that if it<br />didn't act fast to arrest the "Bad Guys" he had personal information that India would<br />launch air strikes on "terrorist camps" in Pakistan and that Washington could do nothing<br />because Mumbai was India's 9/11.<br />But November isn't September, 2008 isn't 2001, Pakistan isn't Afghanistan and India isn't<br />America. So perhaps we should reclaim our tragedy and pick through the debris with our<br />own brains and our own broken hearts so that we can arrive at our own conclusions.<br />It's odd how in the last week of November thousands of people in Kashmir supervised by<br />thousands of Indian troops lined up to cast their vote, while the richest quarters of India's<br />richest city ended up looking like war-torn Kupwara – one of Kashmir's most ravaged<br />districts.<br />The Mumbai attacks are only the most recent of a spate of terrorist attacks on Indian<br />towns and cities this year. Ahmedabad, Bangalore, Delhi, Guwahati, Jaipur and Malegaon<br />have all seen serial bomb blasts in which hundreds of ordinary people have been killed and<br />wounded. If the police are right about the people they have arrested as suspects, both<br />Hindu and Muslim, all Indian nationals, it obviously indicates that something's going very<br />badly wrong in this country.<br />If you were watching television you may not have heard that ordinary people too died in<br />Mumbai. They were mowed down in a busy railway station and a public hospital. The<br />terrorists did not distinguish between poor and rich. They killed both with equal coldbloodedness.<br />The Indian media, however, was transfixed by the rising tide of horror that<br />breached the glittering barricades of India Shining and spread its stench in the marbled<br />lobbies and crystal ballrooms of two incredibly luxurious hotels and a small Jewish centre.<br />We're told one of these hotels is an icon of the city of Mumbai. That's absolutely true. It's<br />an icon of the easy, obscene injustice that ordinary Indians endure every day. On a day<br />when the newspapers were full of moving obituaries by beautiful people about the hotel<br />rooms they had stayed in, the gourmet restaurants they loved (ironically one was called<br />Arundhati Roy<br />Kandahar), and the staff who served them, a small box on the top left-hand corner in the<br />inner pages of a national newspaper (sponsored by a pizza company I think) said<br />"Hungry, kya?" (Hungry eh?). It then, with the best of intentions I'm sure, informed its<br />readers that on the international hunger index, India ranked below Sudan and Somalia.<br />But of course this isn't that war. That one's still being fought in the Dalit bastis of our<br />villages, on the banks of the Narmada and the Koel Karo rivers; in the rubber estate in<br />Chengara; in the villages of Nandigram, Singur, Chattisgarh, Jharkhand, Orissa, Lalgarh<br />in West Bengal and the slums and shantytowns of our gigantic cities.<br />That war isn't on TV. Yet. So maybe, like everyone else, we should deal with the one that<br />is.<br />There is a fierce, unforgiving fault-line that runs through the contemporary discourse on<br />terrorism. On one side (let's call it Side A) are those who see terrorism, especially<br />"Islamist" terrorism, as a hateful, insane scourge that spins on its own axis, in its own<br />orbit and has nothing to do with the world around it, nothing to do with history, geography<br />or economics. Therefore, Side A says, to try and place it in a political context, or even try<br />to understand it, amounts to justifying it and is a crime in itself.<br />Side B believes that though nothing can ever excuse or justify terrorism, it exists in a<br />particular time, place and political context, and to refuse to see that will only aggravate<br />the problem and put more and more people in harm's way. Which is a crime in itself.<br />The sayings of Hafiz Saeed, who founded the Lashkar-e-Taiba (Army of the Pure) in 1990<br />and who belongs to the hardline Salafi tradition of Islam, certainly bolsters the case of<br />Side A. Hafiz Saeed approves of suicide bombing, hates Jews, Shias and Democracy and<br />believes that jihad should be waged until Islam, his Islam, rules the world. Among the<br />things he said are: "There cannot be any peace while India remains intact. Cut them, cut<br />them so much that they kneel before you and ask for mercy."<br />And: "India has shown us this path. We would like to give India a tit-for-tat response and<br />reciprocate in the same way by killing the Hindus, just like it is killing the Muslims in<br />Kashmir."<br />But where would Side A accommodate the sayings of Babu Bajrangi of Ahmedabad, India,<br />who sees himself as a democrat, not a terrorist? He was one of the major lynchpins of the<br />2002 Gujarat genocide and has said (on camera): "We didn't spare a single Muslim shop,<br />we set everything on fire … we hacked, burned, set on fire … we believe in setting them on<br />fire because these bastards don't want to be cremated, they're afraid of it … I have just<br />one last wish … let me be sentenced to death … I don't care if I'm hanged ... just give me<br />two days before my hanging and I will go and have a field day in Juhapura where seven or<br />eight lakhs [seven or eight hundred thousand] of these people stay ... I will finish them off<br />… let a few more of them die ... at least 25,000 to 50,000 should die."<br />And where, in Side A's scheme of things, would we place the Rashtriya Swayamsevak<br />Sangh bible, We, or, Our Nationhood Defined by MS Golwalkar, who became head of the<br />RSS in 1944. It says: "Ever since that evil day, when Moslems first landed in Hindustan,<br />right up to the present moment, the Hindu Nation has been gallantly fighting on to take on<br />these despoilers. The Race Spirit has been awakening." Or: "To keep up the purity of its<br />race and culture, Germany shocked the world by her purging the country of the Semitic<br />races – the Jews. Race pride at its highest has been manifested here ... a good lesson for<br />us in Hindustan to learn and profit by."<br />(Of course Muslims are not the only people in the gun sights of the Hindu right. Dalits have<br />been consistently targeted. Recently in Kandhamal in Orissa, Christians were the target of<br />two and a half months of violence which left more than 40 dead. Forty thousand people<br />have been driven from their homes, half of who now live in refugee camps.)<br />All these years Hafiz Saeed has lived the life of a respectable man in Lahore as the head of<br />the Jamaat-ud Daawa, which many believe is a front organization for the Lashkar-e-Taiba.<br />He continues to recruit young boys for his own bigoted jehad with his twisted, fiery<br />sermons. On December 11 the UN imposed sanctions on the Jammat-ud-Daawa. The<br />Pakistani government succumbed to international pressure and put Hafiz Saeed under<br />house arrest. Babu Bajrangi, however, is out on bail and lives the life of a respectable man<br />in Gujarat. A couple of years after the genocide he left the VHP to join the Shiv Sena.<br />Narendra Modi, Bajrangi's former mentor, is still the chief minister of Gujarat. So the man<br />who presided over the Gujarat genocide was re-elected twice, and is deeply respected by<br />India's biggest corporate houses, Reliance and Tata.<br />Suhel Seth, a TV impresario and corporate spokesperson, recently said: "Modi is God."<br />The policemen who supervised and sometimes even assisted the rampaging Hindu mobs<br />in Gujarat have been rewarded and promoted. The RSS has 45,000 branches, its own<br />range of charities and 7 million volunteers preaching its doctrine of hate across India.<br />They include Narendra Modi, but also former prime minister AB Vajpayee, current leader<br />of the opposition LK Advani, and a host of other senior politicians, bureaucrats and police<br />and intelligence officers.<br />If that's not enough to complicate our picture of secular democracy, we should place on<br />record that there are plenty of Muslim organisations within India preaching their own<br />narrow bigotry.<br />So, on balance, if I had to choose between Side A and Side B, I'd pick Side B. We need<br />context. Always.<br />In this nuclear subcontinent that context is partition. The Radcliffe Line, which separated<br />India and Pakistan and tore through states, districts, villages, fields, communities, water<br />systems, homes and families, was drawn virtually overnight. It was Britain's final, parting<br />kick to us. Partition triggered the massacre of more than a million people and the largest<br />migration of a human population in contemporary history. Eight million people, Hindus<br />fleeing the new Pakistan, Muslims fleeing the new kind of India left their homes with<br />nothing but the clothes on their backs.<br />Each of those people carries and passes down a story of unimaginable pain, hate, horror<br />but yearning too. That wound, those torn but still unsevered muscles, that blood and<br />those splintered bones still lock us together in a close embrace of hatred, terrifying<br />familiarity but also love. It has left Kashmir trapped in a nightmare from which it can't<br />seem to emerge, a nightmare that has claimed more than 60,000 lives. Pakistan, the<br />Land of the Pure, became an Islamic Republic, and then, very quickly a corrupt, violent<br />military state, openly intolerant of other faiths. India on the other hand declared herself<br />an inclusive, secular democracy. It was a magnificent undertaking, but Babu Bajrangi's<br />predecessors had been hard at work since the 1920s, dripping poison into India's<br />bloodstream, undermining that idea of India even before it was born.<br />By 1990 they were ready to make a bid for power. In 1992 Hindu mobs exhorted by LK<br />Advani stormed the Babri Masjid and demolished it. By 1998 the BJP was in power at the<br />centre. The US war on terror put the wind in their sails. It allowed them to do exactly as<br />they pleased, even to commit genocide and then present their fascism as a legitimate<br />form of chaotic democracy. This happened at a time when India had opened its huge<br />market to international finance and it was in the interests of international corporations<br />and the media houses they owned to project it as a country that could do no wrong. That<br />gave Hindu nationalists all the impetus and the impunity they needed.<br />This, then, is the larger historical context of terrorism in the subcontinent and of the<br />Mumbai attacks. It shouldn't surprise us that Hafiz Saeed of the Lashkar-e-Taiba is from<br />Shimla (India) and LK Advani of the Rashtriya Swayam Sevak Sangh is from Sindh<br />(Pakistan).<br />In much the same way as it did after the 2001 parliament attack, the 2002 burning of the<br />Sabarmati Express and the 2007 bombing of the Samjhauta Express, the government of<br />India announced that it has "incontrovertible" evidence that the Lashkar-e-Taiba backed<br />by Pakistan's ISI was behind the Mumbai strikes. The Lashkar has denied involvement,<br />but remains the prime accused. According to the police and intelligence agencies the<br />Lashkar operates in India through an organisation called the Indian Mujahideen. Two<br />Indian nationals, Sheikh Mukhtar Ahmed, a Special Police Officer working for the Jammu<br />and Kashmir police, and Tausif Rehman, a resident of Kolkata in West Bengal, have been<br />arrested in connection with the Mumbai attacks.<br />So already the neat accusation against Pakistan is getting a little messy. Almost always,<br />when these stories unspool, they reveal a complicated global network of foot soldiers,<br />trainers, recruiters, middlemen and undercover intelligence and counter-intelligence<br />operatives working not just on both sides of the India-Pakistan border, but in several<br />countries simultaneously. In today's world, trying to pin down the provenance of a<br />terrorist strike and isolate it within the borders of a single nation state is very much like<br />trying to pin down the provenance of corporate money. It's almost impossible.<br />In circumstances like these, air strikes to "take out" terrorist camps may take out the<br />camps, but certainly will not "take out" the terrorists. Neither will war. (Also, in our bid for<br />the moral high ground, let's try not to forget that the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam, the<br />LTTE of neighbouring Sri Lanka, one of the world's most deadly terrorist groups, were<br />trained by the Indian army.)<br />Thanks largely to the part it was forced to play as America's ally first in its war in support of<br />the Afghan Islamists and then in its war against them, Pakistan, whose territory is reeling<br />under these contradictions, is careening towards civil war. As recruiting agents for<br />America's jihad against the Soviet Union, it was the job of the Pakistan army and the ISI to<br />nurture and channel funds to Islamic fundamentalist organizations. Having wired up<br />these Frankensteins and released them into the world, the US expected it could rein them<br />in like pet mastiffs whenever it wanted to.<br />Certainly it did not expect them to come calling in heart of the Homeland on September<br />11. So once again, Afghanistan had to be violently remade. Now the debris of a reravaged<br />Afghanistan has washed up on Pakistan's borders. Nobody, least of all the<br />Pakistan government, denies that it is presiding over a country that is threatening to<br />implode. The terrorist training camps, the fire-breathing mullahs and the maniacs who<br />believe that Islam will, or should, rule the world is mostly the detritus of two Afghan wars.<br />Their ire rains down on the Pakistan government and Pakistani civilians as much, if not<br />more than it does on India.<br />If at this point India decides to go to war perhaps the descent of the whole region into<br />chaos will be complete. The debris of a bankrupt, destroyed Pakistan will wash up on<br />India's shores, endangering us as never before. If Pakistan collapses, we can look forward<br />to having millions of "non-state actors" with an arsenal of nuclear weapons at their<br />disposal as neighbours. It's hard to understand why those who steer India's ship are so<br />keen to replicate Pakistan's mistakes and call damnation upon this country by inviting the<br />United States to further meddle clumsily and dangerously in our extremely complicated<br />affairs. A superpower never has allies. It only has agents.<br />On the plus side, the advantage of going to war is that it's the best way for India to avoid<br />facing up to the serious trouble building on our home front. The Mumbai attacks were<br />broadcast live (and exclusive!) on all or most of our 67 24-hour news channels and god<br />knows how many international ones. TV anchors in their studios and journalists at<br />"ground zero" kept up an endless stream of excited commentary. Over three days and<br />three nights we watched in disbelief as a small group of very young men armed with guns<br />and gadgets exposed the powerlessness of the police, the elite National Security Guard<br />and the marine commandos of this supposedly mighty, nuclear-powered nation.<br />While they did this they indiscriminately massacred unarmed people, in railway stations,<br />hospitals and luxury hotels, unmindful of their class, caste, religion or nationality. (Part of<br />the helplessness of the security forces had to do with having to worry about hostages. In<br />other situations, in Kashmir for example, their tactics are not so sensitive. Whole<br />buildings are blown up. Human shields are used. The U.S and Israeli armies don't hesitate<br />to send cruise missiles into buildings and drop daisy cutters on wedding parties in<br />Palestine, Iraq and Afghanistan.) But this was different. And it was on TV.<br />The boy-terrorists' nonchalant willingness to kill – and be killed – mesmerised their<br />international audience. They delivered something different from the usual diet of suicide<br />bombings and missile attacks that people have grown inured to on the news. Here was<br />something new. Die Hard 25. The gruesome performance went on and on. TV ratings<br />soared. Ask any television magnate or corporate advertiser who measures broadcast time<br />in seconds, not minutes, what that's worth.<br />Eventually the killers died and died hard, all but one. (Perhaps, in the chaos, some<br />escaped. We may never know.) Throughout the standoff the terrorists made no demands<br />and expressed no desire to negotiate. Their purpose was to kill people and inflict as much<br />damage as they could before they were killed themselves. They left us completely<br />bewildered. When we say "nothing can justify terrorism", what most of us mean is that<br />nothing can justify the taking of human life. We say this because we respect life, because<br />we think it's precious. So what are we to make of those who care nothing for life, not even<br />their own? The truth is that we have no idea what to make of them, because we can sense<br />that even before they've died, they've journeyed to another world where we cannot reach<br />them.<br />One TV channel (India TV) broadcast a phone conversation with one of the attackers, who<br />called himself Imran Babar. I cannot vouch for the veracity of the conversation, but the<br />things he talked about were the things contained in the "terror emails" that were sent out<br />before several other bomb attacks in India. Things we don't want to talk about any more:<br />the demolition of the Babri Masjid in 1992, the genocidal slaughter of Muslims in Gujarat<br />in 2002, the brutal repression in Kashmir. "You're surrounded," the anchor told him. "You<br />are definitely going to die. Why don't you surrender?"<br />"We die every day," he replied in a strange, mechanical way. "It's better to live one day as<br />a lion and then die this way." He didn't seem to want to change the world. He just seemed<br />to want to take it down with him.<br />If the men were indeed members of the Lashkar-e-Taiba, why didn't it matter to them that<br />a large number of their victims were Muslim, or that their action was likely to result in a<br />severe backlash against the Muslim community in India whose rights they claim to be<br />fighting for? Terrorism is a heartless ideology, and like most ideologies that have their eye<br />on the Big Picture, individuals don't figure in their calculations except as collateral<br />damage. It has always been a part of and often even the aim of terrorist strategy to<br />exacerbate a bad situation in order to expose hidden faultlines. The blood of "martyrs"<br />irrigates terrorism. Hindu terrorists need dead Hindus, Communist terrorists need dead<br />proletarians, Islamist terrorists need dead Muslims. The dead become the demonstration,<br />the proof of victimhood, which is central to the project. A single act of terrorism is not in<br />itself meant to achieve military victory; at best it is meant to be a catalyst that triggers<br />something else, something much larger than itself, a tectonic shift, a realignment. The act<br />itself is theatre, spectacle and symbolism, and today, the stage on which it pirouettes and<br />performs its acts of bestiality is Live TV. Even as the attack was being condemned by TV<br />anchors, the effectiveness of the terror strikes were being magnified a thousandfold by TV<br />broadcasts.<br />Through the endless hours of analysis and the endless op-ed essays, in India at least<br />there has been very little mention of the elephants in the room: Kashmir, Gujarat and the<br />demolition of the Babri Masjid. Instead we had retired diplomats and strategic experts<br />debate the pros and cons of a war against Pakistan. We had the rich threatening not to pay<br />their taxes unless their security was guaranteed (is it alright for the poor to remain<br />unprotected?). We had people suggest that the government step down and each state in<br />India be handed over to a separate corporation. We had the death of former prime minster<br />VP Singh, the hero of Dalits and lower castes and villain of Upper caste Hindus pass<br />without a mention.<br />We had Suketu Mehta, author of Maximum City and co-writer of the Bollywood film<br />Mission Kashmir, give us his version of George Bush's famous "Why they hate us" speech.<br />His analysis of why religious bigots, both Hindu and Muslim hate Mumbai: "Perhaps<br />because Mumbai stands for lucre, profane dreams and an indiscriminate openness." His<br />prescription: "The best answer to the terrorists is to dream bigger, make even more<br />money, and visit Mumbai more than ever." Didn't George Bush ask Americans to go out<br />and shop after 9/11? Ah yes. 9/11, the day we can't seem to get away from.<br />Though one chapter of horror in Mumbai has ended, another might have just begun. Day<br />after day, a powerful, vociferous section of the Indian elite, goaded by marauding TV<br />anchors who make Fox News look almost radical and leftwing, have taken to mindlessly<br />attacking politicians, all politicians, glorifying the police and the army and virtually asking<br />for a police state. It isn't surprising that those who have grown plump on the pickings of<br />democracy (such as it is) should now be calling for a police state. The era of "pickings" is<br />long gone. We're now in the era of Grabbing by Force, and democracy has a terrible habit<br />of getting in the way.<br />Dangerous, stupid television flashcards like the Police are Good Politicians are Bad/Chief<br />Executives are Good Chief Ministers are Bad/Army is Good Government is Bad/ India is<br />Good Pakistan is Bad are being bandied about by TV channels that have already whipped<br />their viewers into a state of almost uncontrollable hysteria.<br />Tragically, this regression into intellectual infancy comes at a time when people in India<br />were beginning to see that in the business of terrorism, victims and perpetrators<br />sometimes exchange roles. It's an understanding that the people of Kashmir, given their<br />dreadful experiences of the last 20 years, have honed to an exquisite art. On the mainland<br />we're still learning. (If Kashmir won't willingly integrate into India, it's beginning to look<br />as though India will integrate/disintegrate into Kashmir.)<br />It was after the 2001 parliament attack that the first serious questions began to be raised.<br />A campaign by a group of lawyers and activists exposed how innocent people had been<br />framed by the police and the press, how evidence was fabricated, how witnesses lied, how<br />due process had been criminally violated at every stage of the investigation. Eventually<br />the courts acquitted two out of the four accused, including SAR Geelani, the man whom<br />the police claimed was the mastermind of the operation. A third, Showkat Guru, was<br />acquitted of all the charges brought against him but was then convicted for a fresh,<br />comparatively minor offence. The supreme court upheld the death sentence of another of<br />the accused, Mohammad Afzal. In its judgment the court acknowledged there was no<br />proof that Mohammed Afzal belonged to any terrorist group, but went on to say, quite<br />shockingly, "The collective conscience of the society will only be satisfied if capital<br />punishment is awarded to the offender." Even today we don't really know who the<br />terrorists that attacked the Indian parliament were and who they worked for.<br />More recently, on September 19 this year, we had the controversial "encounter" at Batla<br />House in Jamia Nagar, Delhi, where the Special Cell of the Delhi police gunned down two<br />Muslim students in their rented flat under seriously questionable circumstances, claiming<br />that they were responsible for serial bombings in Delhi, Jaipur and Ahmedabad in 2008.<br />An assistant commissioner of Police, Mohan Chand Sharma, who played a key role in the<br />parliament attack investigation, lost his life as well. He was one of India's many<br />"encounter specialists" known and rewarded for having summarily executed several<br />"terrorists". There was an outcry against the Special Cell from a spectrum of people,<br />ranging from eyewitnesses in the local community to senior Congress Party leaders,<br />students, journalists, lawyers, academics and activists all of whom demanded a judicial<br />inquiry into the incident. In response, the BJP and LK Advani lauded Mohan Chand<br />Sharma as a "Braveheart" and launched a concerted campaign in which they targeted<br />those who had dared to question the integrity of the police, saying it was "suicidal" and<br />calling them "anti-national". Of course there has been no inquiry.<br />Only days after the Batla House event, another story about "terrorists" surfaced in the<br />news. In a report submitted to a sessions court, the CBI said that a team from Delhi's<br />Special Cell (the same team that led the Batla House encounter, including Mohan Chand<br />Sharma) had abducted two innocent men, Irshad Ali and Moarif Qamar, in December<br />2005, planted 2kg of RDX and two pistols on them and then arrested them as "terrorists"<br />who belonged to Al Badr (which operates out of Kashmir). Ali and Qamar who have spent<br />years in jail, are only two examples out of hundreds of Muslims who have been similarly<br />jailed, tortured and even killed on false charges.<br />This pattern changed in October 2008 when Maharashtra's Anti-Terrorism Squad (ATS)<br />that was investigating the September 2008 Malegaon blasts arrested a Hindu preacher<br />Sadhvi Pragya, a self-styled God man Swami Dayanand Pande and Lt Col Purohit, a<br />serving officer of the Indian Army. All the arrested belong to Hindu Nationalist<br />organizations including a Hindu Supremacist group called Abhinav Bharat. The Shiv Sena,<br />the BJP and the RSS condemned the Maharashtra ATS, and vilified its chief, Hemant<br />Karkare, claiming he was part of a political conspiracy and declaring that "Hindus could<br />not be terrorists". LK Advani changed his mind about his policy on the police and made<br />rabble rousing speeches to huge gatherings in which he denounced the ATS for daring to<br />cast aspersions on holy men and women.<br />On the November 25 newspapers reported that the ATS was investigating the high profile<br />VHP Chief Pravin Togadia's possible role in the Malegaon blasts. The next day, in an<br />extraordinary twist of fate, Hemant Karkare was killed in the Mumbai Attacks. The<br />chances are that the new chief whoever he is, will find it hard to withstand the political<br />pressure that is bound to be brought on him over the Malegaon investigation.<br />While the Sangh Parivar does not seem to have come to a final decision over whether or<br />not it is anti-national and suicidal to question the police, Arnab Goswami, anchorperson of<br />Times Now television, has stepped up to the plate. He has taken to naming, demonising<br />and openly heckling people who have dared to question the integrity of the police and<br />armed forces. My name and the name of the well-known lawyer Prashant Bhushan have<br />come up several times. At one point, while interviewing a former police officer, Arnab<br />Goswami turned to camera: " and Prashant Bhushan," he said, "I hope you<br />are watching this. We think you are disgusting." For a TV anchor to do this in an<br />atmosphere as charged and as frenzied as the one that prevails today, amounts to<br />incitement as well as threat, and would probably in different circumstances have cost a<br />journalist his or her job.<br />So according to a man aspiring to be the next prime minister of India, and another who is<br />the public face of a mainstream TV channel, citizens have no right to raise questions about<br />the police. This in a country with a shadowy history of suspicious terror attacks, murky<br />investigations, and fake "encounters". This in a country that boasts of the highest number<br />of custodial deaths in the world and yet refuses to ratify the International Covenant on<br />Torture. A country where the ones who make it to torture chambers are the lucky ones<br />because at least they've escaped being "encountered" by our Encounter Specialists. A<br />country where the line between the Underworld and the Encounter Specialists virtually<br />does not exist.<br />How should those of us whose hearts have been sickened by the knowledge of all of this<br />view the Mumbai attacks, and what are we to do about them? There are those who point<br />out that US strategy has been successful inasmuch as the United States has not suffered a<br />major attack on its home ground since 9/11. However, some would say that what America<br />is suffering now is far worse. If the idea behind the 9/11 terror attacks was to goad<br />America into showing its true colors, what greater success could the terrorists have asked<br />for? The US army is bogged down in two unwinnable wars, which have made the United<br />States the most hated country in the world. Those wars have contributed greatly to the<br />Arundhati Roy<br />unraveling of the American economy and who knows, perhaps eventually the American<br />empire. (Could it be that battered, bombed Afghanistan, the graveyard of the Soviet<br />Union, will be the undoing of this one too?) Hundreds of thousands people including<br />thousands of American soldiers have lost their lives in Iraq and Afghanistan. The<br />frequency of terrorist strikes on U.S allies/agents (including India) and U.S interests in<br />the rest of the world has increased dramatically since 9/11. George Bush, the man who<br />led the US response to 9/11 is a despised figure not just internationally, but also by his<br />own people. Who can possibly claim that the United States is winning the war on terror?<br />Homeland Security has cost the US government billions of dollars. Few countries,<br />certainly not India, can afford that sort of price tag. But even if we could, the fact is that<br />this vast homeland of ours cannot be secured or policed in the way the United States has<br />been. It's not that kind of homeland. We have a hostile nuclear weapons state that is<br />slowly spinning out of control as a neighbour, we have a military occupation in Kashmir<br />and a shamefully persecuted, impoverished minority of more than 150 million Muslims<br />who are being targeted as a community and pushed to the wall, whose young see no<br />justice on the horizon, and who, were they to totally lose hope and radicalise, end up as a<br />threat not just to India, but to the whole world. If ten men can hold off the NSG<br />commandos, and the police for three days, and if it takes half a million soldiers to hold<br />down the Kashmir valley, do the math. What kind of Homeland Security can secure India?<br />Nor for that matter will any other quick fix. Anti-terrorism laws are not meant for<br />terrorists; they're for people that governments don't like. That's why they have a<br />conviction rate of less than 2%. They're just a means of putting inconvenient people away<br />without bail for a long time and eventually letting them go. Terrorists like those who<br />attacked Mumbai are hardly likely to be deterred by the prospect of being refused bail or<br />being sentenced to death. It's what they want.<br />What we're experiencing now is blowback, the cumulative result of decades of quick fixes<br />and dirty deeds. The carpet's squelching under our feet.<br />The only way to contain (it would be naïve to say end) terrorism is to look at the monster<br />in the mirror. We're standing at a fork in the road. One sign says Justice, the other Civil<br />War. There's no third sign and there's no going back. Choose.<br />Counter-Terrorism<br />Must Not Kill Democracy<br />By Praful Bidwai<br />28 December, 2008<br />Countercurrents.org<br />In a season in which politicians have become everybody's punching bag and targets of<br />vicious media attacks, it would have been a miracle had Minister for Minority Affairs Abdul<br />Rehman Antulay not attracted ridicule for demanding an inquiry into the killing of<br />Maharashtra Anti-Terrorism Squad chief Hemant Karkare and his colleagues Ashok Kamte<br />and Vijay Salaskar. I am no admirer of Antulay. I was among the handful of journalists<br />who exposed his brutal evacuation and expulsion of pavement-dwellers in Mumbai in<br />1983. Yet, the questions he posed about Karkare's death won't go away -- despite his own<br />ignominious climbdown.<br />Antulay didn't allege that Karkare, who famously cracked the Hindutva terror network<br />involving Pragya Thakur and Lieutenant Colonel Shreekant Purohit, was shot by one of its<br />members. His query was, who asked Karkare to go to Mumbai's CST station and to Cama<br />Hospital , near which he was killed by Abu Ismail and Ajmal Amir Kasab ?<br />We still don't know what motivated Karkare's team to go there without high-grade bulletproof<br />jackets and in violation of the norm that senior officers shouldn't travel in the same<br />vehicle in an emergency. Home Minister P Chidambaram's statement to Parliament<br />doesn't clarify the issue. According to one police account aired on television, the team<br />went to Cama Hospital to rescue another officer, Sadanand Date, who was injured.<br />According to a second account, the team was pursuing a red car carrying Ismail and<br />Kasab.<br />It is hard to believe that senior officers like Karkare, Kamte and Salaskar all had to walk to<br />CST/Cama because the police had erected barricades, and that they abandoned their<br />separate vehicles to get into one car while chasing the fugitives. Even the circumstances<br />of Karkare's killing, allegedly in a narrow lane behind the hospital, remain obscure.<br />If the police wireless message about the red car was meant to lure the team into an<br />ambush, it is vital to ask where and how the report originated. If the gunmen were firing<br />from the left, as Constable Arun Jadhav -- who was in Karkare's car, but survived the<br />attack -- said, how was Karkare hit three times in the chest while Jadhav got two bullets in<br />his right arm? Also, the ambush story doesn't quite hang together. The only vegetation in<br />the lane has wire netting around it, behind which it'd be hard to hide.<br />Clearly, even if one discounts all conspiracy theories, unanswered questions remain.<br />Hindutva groups reviled Karkare for his bold, scrupulous investigation into the Thakur-<br />Purohit terror network. L K Advani , no less, wanted him removed from the ATS and<br />levelled charges, disproved after medical examination, that Thakur was tortured in ATS<br />custody This, and the gaps in the police account(s), make imperative a dispassionate,<br />thorough, high-level investigation into his killing -- in addition to an inquiry into the<br />intelligence failures and state agencies' inept response to the attacks.<br />The case for an inquiry in the Karkare case is all the stronger because many in the Muslim<br />community -- which has borne the brunt of excesses committed in the name of fighting<br />terrorism -- and other citizens too, have seriously questioned the official account.<br />Antulay or no Antulay, it's the government's duty to answer them. Supremely callous<br />colonial rulers ignore public concerns. But democratic governments' legitimacy depends<br />on respecting them and sharing the truth with the public in the interests of social<br />cohesion. A credible inquiry would help rebuild the public's faith in the government, which<br />has recently suffered erosion.<br />There are moments in the life of a nation when exemplary rectitude, transparency and<br />adherence to law are called for, and an effort worthy of universal respect is necessary to<br />reach out to those who feel excluded. Justice H R Khanna's dissenting opinion in the<br />Emergency case, Justice B N Srikrishna's inquiry into the Mumbai violence of 1992-1993,<br />and Karkare's own brilliant investigation into the Hindutva terror network, are instances<br />of these. In each case, State functionaries rose above pressures to harness their work to<br />extraneous agendas. The entire nation gained from their work. We badly need another<br />such effort today.<br />Regrettably, the United Progressive Alliance government seems to be caving in to Rightwing<br />pressures from the Bharatiya Janata Party to adopt a macho, national-chauvinist,<br />'to-hell-with-civil-liberties' stance to show that it has the will to fight terrorism. That alone<br />explains the deplorable haste with which it railroaded through Parliament two tough<br />counter-terrorism laws without serious debate. These erode federalism and infringe civil<br />liberties.<br />The National Investigation Agency Act establishes a new organisation to investigate acts<br />of terrorism and offences related to atomic energy, aviation, maritime transport, sedition,<br />weapons of mass destruction, and Left-wing extremism. Significantly, it excludes<br />Hindutva-style right-wing extremism, which has taken a far higher toll in India than leftwing<br />Naxalism. It's far from clear how the NIA can secure the cooperation of other<br />existing agencies, rather than face turf battles and sabotage.<br />Unlike the Central Bureau of Investigation, which needs the consent of a state before<br />investigating crimes there, the NIA will supersede state agencies. This is a serious<br />intrusion into the federal system. The NIA, and the special courts set up under the Act, will<br />be vulnerable to political abuse by the Centre.<br />The second law, the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Amendment Act brings back the<br />discredited POTA, except for admitting confessions made to the police as evidence. It<br />radically changes criminal procedures, extends periods of police custody and detention<br />without charges, denies bail to foreigners, and reverses the burden of proof in many<br />instances. The Act will turn India into a virtual police State.<br />The UPA abrogated POTA in 2004 in response to innumerable complaints of abuse against<br />Muslims and application to offences not connected with terrorism. But the UPA retained all<br />other tough laws, and also amended the Unlawful Activities Act. This increased<br />punishment for terrorism and harbouring/financing terrorists, made communications<br />intercepts admissible as evidence, and increased detention without charges to 90 days<br />from 30 days.<br />However, despite numerous recent terrorist attacks, the UPA firmly rejected the BJP's<br />demand that POTA be re-enacted. But now, it has shamefully caved in to the demand --<br />under the pressure of elite opinion and with an eye on the next general election.<br />The UAPA Act contains a range of draconian clauses, including a redefinition of terrorism,<br />harsh punishment like life sentence or death, long periods of detention, and presumption<br />of guilt in many cases. The redefinition includes acts done with the intent to threaten or<br />'likely' to threaten India's unity, integrity or sovereignty. Under this hold-all provision, the<br />police can arrest, search and seize the property of anyone whom it 'has reason to believe<br />from personal knowledge, or any information by any person... or any articles or any other<br />thing...' Even rumours and baseless suspicion fit this description. Also covered are<br />attempts to kidnap Constitutional and other functionaries listed by the government. The<br />list is endless.<br />Under the Act, an accused can be held in police custody for 30 days, and detained without<br />charges for 180 days. This is a travesty of Constitutional rights. Even worse is the<br />presumption of guilt in case there is a recovery of arms, explosives and 'substances of a<br />similar nature.' The police routinely plants arms and explosives, and creates a false<br />recovery record. The punishment range extends from three or five five years to life. This<br />shows the government has not applied its mind.<br />Under the Act, there is a general obligation to disclose 'all information' that a police officer<br />thinks might be relevant. Failure to disclose can lead to imprisonment for three years.<br />Journalists, lawyers, doctors and friends are not exempt from this sweeping provision,<br />which presumes guilt on mere suspicion. Besides making telecommunications and e-mail<br />intercepts admissible as evidence, the Act also denies bail to all foreign nationals and to all<br />others if a prima facie case exists on the basis of a First Information Report by the police.<br />POTA and its predecessor, the Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act, were<br />extensively abused. They targeted the religious minorities, specifically Muslims. Some<br />67,000 people were arrested under TADA, but only 8,000 put on trial, and just 725<br />convicted. Official TADA review committees found its application untenable in all but<br />5,000 cases. POTA's abuse was even more appalling.<br />The two new laws will increase the alienation of Muslims from the Indian State given that<br />they have been the principal victims of India's recent anti-terrorism strategy. Many<br />Muslims are also distressed at the alacrity with which the laws were passed -- in contrast<br />with the UPA's failure to enact the promised law to punish communal violence and hate<br />crimes.<br />This will make the social-political climate conducive to State terrorism, promote muscular<br />nationalism, and create a barbed-wire mentality. These are the ingredients of a terrible<br />national security State, much like Pakistan's or Israel's, and similar to the way the US is<br />evolving. Nothing could be worse for our citizens' safety and our democracy's health.<br />Handling Queries : Democratic Responses<br />Antuley Remarks and the Aftermath<br />Ram Puniyani<br />The tragic terror attack on the city of Mumbai (Nov.2008) has shaken not only the people<br />of city but also the whole nation. It is not the first time that terror attacks have taken place<br />in this city. The first major one was seen in the aftermath of Mumbai carnage of 1992-93.<br />The investigation of this blast showed that the terrorist took advantage of the gross<br />injustices done to Muslim minority and lured a small section of them to execute their<br />dastardly designs. Then in the aftermath of Gujarat carnage again one witnessed the<br />blasts. The tragic happenings of Gujarat had incited this reaction. This time around<br />November 26, 2008, there is no immediate provocation, but the role of Al Qaeda type<br />elements is clear. What is puzzling this time around is that the attack came at a time when<br />the investigation being done by Maharashtra ATS into Malegaon blast was leading to<br />certain impeccable findings of the involvement of Hindutva elements. This was resulting<br />in a hostile reaction to the ATS chief who was doing a thorough professional job. He was<br />being abused and criticized by the people like Advani and Modi for being deshdrohi (anti<br />national). Pune Police had also received a death threat to him from an anonymous caller<br />just couple of days ahead of the terror attack.<br />After this tragedy many a versions of death of Karkare and his two colleagues came<br />forward. The first one was that he has been killed at Taj, second one saying the death<br />occurred in the lane near Cama hospital and the yet another one saying that he was killed<br />while sitting in the vehicle. In this context many doubts were raised by some social<br />activists and later by the Union minister for minorities Mr. A.R. Antuley. His statement that<br />“superficially they (the terrorists) had no reason to kill Karkare. Whether he (Karkare)<br />was a victim of terrorism or terrorism plus something, I do not know,” implying that a<br />thorough probe in to his death should be undertaken to clear the mist around his death.<br />This does not imply any finger pointing but a mere doubt, which is lurking in the minds of<br />many.<br />This statement followed a vicious attack on him by many, especially by the Hindu right<br />wing and a section of media. While many felt that the idea was to ensure that Truth comes<br />out, the others felt that he should not only be sacked from his post but a case of treason be<br />launched against him. While few voices like those of Digvijay Singh came to support<br />Antuley statement and Maharashtra Assembly speaker Baba Saheb Kupekar said that<br />since Maharashtra Government is setting up a probe into the allegations of negligence of<br />the top level Police officers, that committee can very well probe the death of Hemant<br />Karkare as well.<br />The degree of hostile reaction to some doubt raised and need for unearthing truth in a<br />democratic society should be taken seriously. Why and who is afraid of truth coming out?<br />Strangely we seem to have various types of reactions which have lot of political tinge than<br />elements of reason. One of this is to ignore some events and facts which go against the<br />social common sense and the interests of dominant political streams. One such example<br />is the blasts which took place in Nanded in the house of RSS worker in which two Bajrang<br />Dal workers died while making bombs (April 2006). While some channels can work<br />overtime to put out the visuals of events with potential of sensationalism, this particular<br />incident was literally blocked by large section of media. No doubt few papers and channels<br />carried it but it remained a marginal story. Then the events of blasts in front of Mecca<br />Masjid in Hyderabad were also attributed to the usual Jehadi elements, many of them<br />arrested/tortured to the extreme. The blast and the tragedy was news. Later when they<br />got released for the lack of any evidence, that was neither news nor a time to introspect as<br />to why the wrong people are being caught, or to think if there is a need to review the line of<br />investigation in the cases of blasts? Here the media shapes popular perception and the<br />investigating authorities remained stuck to the old theory, terrorists are Muslims. So by<br />overlooking the crucial news/event, a valuable lead was suppressed, the proper<br />unearthing of which might have led to prevention of some attacks later.<br />The second form of reaction is from vested political elements and section of media which<br />flows with the tide. Once Maharashtra ATS could lay its hands on the motorcycle used by<br />terrorists in Malegaon blast, the investigation shifted to Sadhvi Pragya Singh Thakur,<br />Swami Dayanand, Lt Col Prasad Purohit and Retd major Upadhyay. This investigation<br />being conducted with professionalism came for scathing attack from Hindutva elements<br />that went to intimidate the ATS officer to the extent that he went for moral support and<br />counseling to the one of the most forthright police officers, Julio Reibero. Mr. Reibero in his<br />article in Times of India tells us the pressure Karkare was going through while doing his<br />professional duty. Shiv Sena not only organized for legal support for Sadhvi and Company<br />but also its mouth piece Saamana went on to write, “We will declare all names and<br />addresses of policemen on Malegaon case, the people will take action. This is nothing but<br />a ploy to defame Hindutva by people in the ATS who have taken supari (contract) of this.<br />On such officers we spit, we spit.”<br />In this context all those trying to strive for truth are also being labeled with choicest<br />abuses. Any raising of question about the investigation, the narration of incidents comes<br />to be branded as being pro Pakistan and anti India. One is not arguing against India or for<br />Pakistan, one is trying to see that the real picture of things will strengthen India. Can a<br />hollow shell full of falsity be the base of the Democratic Indian state? More we try to<br />smoothen the knots more are we will be trying to ensure that Indian society becomes<br />better. In this jingoism, war again Pakistan is the rash demand, quenching the instant<br />anger generated due to terror attack. One has to see such oppressive outburst like the<br />one's we have seen from Advani and company which are not in sync with the building of a<br />harmonious atmosphere and justice to all. All the legal provisions at our command need<br />to be marshaled to see that the work initiated by the likes of Karkare is not allowed to be<br />stifled.<br />What does one make of the ignoring crucial leads in the first place and then reacting<br />angrily, with such passion to the innocuous demands of a probe? This burst of pseudo<br />nationalism needs to be understood. It is the one which wants to intimidate the voice of<br />reason and is primarily trying to stifle the democratic space. In Antuley's case he is also<br />being hurled abuses by the same section, labeling him as Pakistan supporter and what<br />not. Its time our columnists remember that in democracy the people have full right to<br />express their opinions and doubts. As a matter of fact those hysterically browbeating<br />those raising doubts are the one's who are undermining the nation's constitution.<br />Definitely the most befitting tribute to the officers who have laid down their lives while<br />protecting the society from the insane acts of terror, is to ensure that the truth of their<br />death comes out and that Malegaon probe goes on properly.<br />THE MUMBAI TERROR ATTACKS: NEED<br />FOR A THOROUGH INVESTIGATION<br />Raveena Hansa<br />In all the confusion and horror generated by the ghastly terrorist attacks in Bombay, a<br />dimension which has not received the attention it deserves is the circumstances<br />surrounding the death of Anti-Terrorist Squad (ATS) chief Hemant Karkare and two of his<br />colleagues, encounter specialist Vijay Salaskar and Additional Commissioner of Police<br />Ashok Kamte. The major pattern of operations involved well-organised attacks on a few<br />high-profile sites in Colaba – the Taj and Oberoi Hotels and Nariman House – while a<br />parallel set of operations was centred on VT or CST station, Cama Hospital and the Metro<br />cinema, in the middle of which is the police headquarters where Karkare worked. The<br />latter is an area where foreigners are much less likely to be found.<br />Why is a Proper Investigation Crucial?<br />Hemant Karkare was engaged in unearthing a terror network with characteristics which<br />had not been seen so far. The investigation started by tracing the motorcycle used to plant<br />bombs in Malegaon in September 2008 to a Hindu Sadhvi, Pragyasingh Thakur; it later<br />uncovered a cellphone conversation between her and Ramji, the man who planted the<br />bombs, in which she asked why more people had not been killed. For the first time, the<br />Indian state was conducting a thorough professional probe into a terror network centred<br />on Hindu extremist organisations, this one with huge ramifications, some leading into<br />military and bomb-making training camps and politicised elements in the army, others<br />into organisations and political leaders affiliated to the BJP. One of the most potentially<br />explosive discoveries was that a serving military intelligence officer, Lt.Col. Srikant<br />Purohit, had procured 60 kg of RDX from government supplies for use in the terrorist<br />attack on the Samjhauta Express (the India-Pakistan 'Understanding' train) in February<br />2007, in which 68 people were killed, the majority of them Pakistanis. Initially, militants of<br />Lashkar-e-Taiba and other Islamist terror groups had been accused of carrying out the<br />attack, but no evidence against them had been found.<br />The hostility generated by this investigation was enormous, with allegations that the<br />suspects had been tortured and that Karkare was being used as a political tool, and<br />demands that the ATS team should be changed. Chief Minister of Gujarat Narendra Modi<br />and BJP Prime Ministerial candidate L.K.Advani accused him of being a 'desh drohi' or<br />traitor, a charge that in India carries a death penalty. The Shiv Sena offered legal aid to<br />those accused of the terrorist attack, and an editorial in its mouthpiece Saamna<br />threatened that 'the people will take action' against the ATS officers involved in the<br />Malegaon blast probe, adding that 'On such officers we spit, we spit'. In an interview<br />shortly before he died, Karkare admitted he was hurt by the campaign against him. On<br />November 26, just before the terrorist attack, the police in Pune received a call from an<br />anonymous caller saying in Marathi that Karkare would be killed in a bomb blast within<br />two or three days.<br />Just as attitudes to Karkare in society at large were polarised, with some admiring him as<br />a hero – one Maulana went so far as to call him a 'massiha (messiah) of Muslims', an<br />amazing tribute from a Muslim to a Hindu – while others hated him as a traitor worthy of<br />death, attitudes within the police force too were polarised. For example, dismissed<br />encounter specialist Sachin Vaze (who with three colleagues was charged with murder,<br />criminal conspiracy, destruction of evidence and concealment of the dead body in the<br />Khwaja Yunus case shortly before the terrorist attack) was a member of the Shiv Sena<br />who was actively engaged in the campaign against Karkare and in support of the<br />Malegaon blast accused.<br />Hard Evidence or Pulp Fiction?<br />Given this background, and reports that are riddled with inconsistencies, it is not<br />surprising that many residents of Bombay are asking questions about the exact<br />circumstances of the death of Hemant Karkare and his colleagues; when A.R.Antulay<br />raised the question in parliament, he was merely giving voice to a small part of the doubts<br />entertained by many others. The earliest reports, presumably relayed from the police via<br />the media, said that Karkare had been killed at the Taj, and Salaskar and Kamte at Metro.<br />If this was not true, why were we told this? And why was the story later changed? Was it<br />because it conflicted with eye-witness accounts? In the early hours of the 27th, under the<br />heading 'ATS Chief Hemant Karkare Killed: His Last Pics', IBNlive showed footage first of<br />Karkare putting on a helmet and bullet-proof vest, then cut to a shootout at Metro, where<br />an unconscious man who looks like Karkare and wearing the same light blue shirt and<br />dark trousers (but without any blood on his shirt or the terrible wounds we saw on his face<br />at his funeral) is being pulled into a car by two youths in saffron shirts.<br />that Karkare 'could well have fallen prey to just indiscriminate, random firing by the<br />cops', and also reports that there were two vehicles, a Toyota Qualis and Honda City, from<br />which the occupants were firing indiscriminately.<br />Later we were given two accounts of the killings where the venue was shifted to a<br />deserted lane without cameras or eye-witnesses. The first account is by the lone terrorist<br />captured alive, claiming to be A.A.Kasab from Faridkot in Pakistan and a member of the<br />terrorist group Lashkar-e-Taiba. According to him, just two gumen, he and Ismail (also<br />from Pakistan), first attacked VT station, where they sprayed bullets indiscriminately.<br />(Around 58 people were killed there, over one-third of them Muslims, and many more<br />might have been killed if the announcer, Mr Zende, had not risked his life to direct<br />passengers to safety.) They then went to Cama, a government hospital for women and<br />children used mainly by the poor. Initially, Kasab claimed he and<br />Ismail had killed Karkare, Salaskar and Kamte. Later, in his 'confession,' he claimed that<br />while coming out of the hospital, he and Ismail saw a police vehicle passing and hid behind<br />The commentary<br />says<br />according to the police,<br />a bush; then another vehicle passed them and stopped some distance away. A police<br />officer got out and started firing at them, hitting Kasab on the hand so that he dropped his<br />AK47, but Ismail opened fire on the officers in the car until they stopped firing. There were<br />three bodies in the vehicle, which Ismail removed, and then .<br />The other account is by police constable Arun Jadhav. According to him, Karkare,<br />Salaskar, Kamte, a driver and four police constables including himself were driving down<br />the alley from VT to the back entrance of Cama (barely a ten-minute drive) in their Toyota<br />Qualis to check on injured police officer Sadanand Date when two gunmen emerged from<br />behind trees by the left side of the road and sprayed the vehicle with bullets, killing all its<br />inmates except Jadhav. They then dragged out the three officers, hijacked the vehicle,<br />drove to Metro junction and then Mantralaya in South Bombay, abandoned it when a tyre<br />burst, . According to police accounts, they then drove to<br />Girgaum, where Kasab was injured and arrested .<br />These accounts raise more questions than they answer. Kasab claimed that a band of ten<br />terrorists landed and split up into twos, going to various destinations, he and his<br />companion going to VT. He said they wanted to blow up the Taj, as in the attack on the<br />Marriott in Islamabad; yet we are told that only 8kg of RDX were found at the Taj, and<br />even that was not used; contrast this with 600kg of RDX and TNT used to blow up the<br />Marriott: could they really have expected to blow up the Taj? Given that the rest of the<br />operation was so systematic, why did they plant two bombs in taxis to go off in random<br />locations, one in Dockyard Road and another in Vile Parle, 25 kilometres away? He said<br />that the terrorists planned to use their hostages as a means of escape, yet there was no<br />attempt at any time to do that; at other times, he also said they had been instructed to<br />. He says he is a labourer from Faridkot near Multan and only studied up<br />to Class IV, but it is reported that he speaks fluent English. Several people have pointed<br />out that the pictures of him in VT show him wearing a saffron wrist-band, a Hindu custom,<br />and police later revealed that he could not recite a single verse from the Koran, which any<br />child growing up in a Muslim family would have been able to do. Indeed, a thoughtful<br />article on the soc.culture.jewish group argued that the terrorists were not Muslims but<br />mercenaries, given their appearance and behaviour (especially their reported<br />consumption of alcohol and drugs), pointing out that they did not need to disguise<br />themselves, since Muslims who look like Muslims are plentiful in Bombay, and<br />.<br />During his interrogation, Kasab said that he and eight of the operatives had done a<br />reconaissance trip to Bombay a few months back, pretending to be students and renting a<br />room at Colaba market, which is close to Nariman House. It is extremely hard for<br />Pakistani nationals to get Indian visas, and they are kept under close surveillance by the<br />police; it is also most unlikely that the Indian immigration authorities would be fooled by<br />forged passports of another country. In that case, the Indian immigration authorities<br />would have visa applications of nine of the terrorists including Kasab, and could match the<br />photographs in them to those of the terrorists: Later, Kasab changed<br />drove off in it with Kasab<br />and grabbed another car<br />and his companion killed<br />fight to the death<br />would not<br />attract undue attention<br />has this been done?<br />his story and said that the team who carried out reconnaissance was different from the<br />team who had carried out the attacks.<br />The events in VT and Cama and the back lane also put a question mark over his story.<br />two gunmen started firing at the mainline terminus in VT at 21.55<br />on Wednesday night, but at precisely the same time, according to CCTV footage, two<br />gunmen on the suburban terminus. If the first account is true, there<br />were four gunmen at the station: where did the other two come from, and where did they<br />go? We are shown video footage, claiming to be CCTV but without the timeline of normal<br />CCTV footage, of Kasab and Ismail wandering around the parking lot near the mainline<br />terminus. This surely cannot be before the shootout, since the station is completely<br />deserted; and after the shootout, Kasab and Ismail are supposed to have escaped via the<br />footbridge from Platform 1 of the suburban station on the other side of VT: this, again,<br />suggests there were four gunmen. Even if Kasab and Ismail had been shown photographs<br />of Karkare, Salaskar and Kamte before they embarked on their trip, how could they<br />possibly have identified the police officers in a dark alley in the dead of night according to<br />Kasab's first story? According to his later confession, a police officer got out of the vehicle<br />and started firing first, injuring him; how, then, did Ismail manage to kill the rest by<br />himself?<br />Witnesses in Cama hospital say the terrorists spoke fluent Marathi, and this report in two<br />Marathi papers (Maharashtra Times and Navakaal of 28 /12/ 2008) has been .<br />The gunmen killed two guards in uniform, spared a third, who was in civilian dress and<br />begged for his life saying he was the husband of a patient, demanded water from an<br />employee in the staff quarters and then killed him. They then appear to have made a<br />beeline for the 6th floor (which was empty) and the terrace, taking with them<br />. 15-30 minutes later, six to eight policemen arrived, and another employee took<br />them up to the 6th floor. The policemen threw a piece of steel up to the terrace,<br />whereupon Tikhe came running down and told them there were two terrorists on the<br />terrace. A fierce gun-battle ensued for 30 to 45 minutes, in which ACP Sadanand Date was<br />injured. Panic-stricken patients and staff in the maternity ward on the 5th floor barricaded<br />the door; nurses instructed the women to breast-feed their babies to keep them quiet,<br />and one woman, who was in the middle of labour, was told to hold back the birth; but they<br />were not invaded. Eventually the gunmen appear to have escaped, . If<br />they were Kasab and Ismail, then these two must have been fluent Marathi speakers. And<br />why would they have taken up positions on the terrace? Was it because it overlooks the<br />lane in which Karkare, Salaskar and Kamte were later supposedly killed?<br />The other account is equally dubious. In , Jadhav said Karkare was in the<br />second row of the Qualis, while in the second he was supposed to be in the front row with<br />Kamte. In the second account, Salaskar was initially sitting behind the driver, but then<br />asked the driver to slow down and got behind the wheel himself: is it plausible that an<br />experienced encounter specialist would deliberately make himself into a sitting duck like<br />this when they were in hot pursuit of terrorists? In the first account they were supposed to<br />According to witnesses,<br />began an assault<br />confirmed<br />the liftman,<br />Tikhe<br />it is not clear how<br />his first account<br />be going to check up on their injured colleague Sadanand Date, but in the second were<br />supposed to be looking for a red car in which they had been told the gunmen were<br />travelling. If the report about the red car was a decoy to lure them into an ambush, it is<br />important to know who told them that the terrorists were in a red car. If the gunmen were<br />firing from the left side, as Jadhav claimed, how was Karkare hit three times in the chest<br />while Jadhav himself got two bullets in his right arm? In fact, the only vegetation in that<br />part of the lane is on the right side, and is pinned to the wall by chest-high wire netting; it<br />would be necessary to climb over the netting to hide behind it, and climb over again to<br />come out: impossible under the circumstances. Witnesses say only two bodies were<br />found at the spot next morning: what happened to the third officer? Who were the three<br />constables killed?<br />How did two terrorists manage to kill six police personnel, including Karkare and Kamte<br />who he said were armed with AK47s and Salaskar, an encounter specialist, when one<br />terrorist was later captured and the other killed by policemen armed only with two rifles<br />and lathis? Assistant Police Inspector Ombale was killed in that encounter, but his<br />colleagues survived. A DNA report on 2 December said that sub-inspector Durgude, who<br />had been posted in front of St Xavier's College, between Cama Hospital and the exit point<br />of the back lane onto Mahapalika Road, saw two young men whom he took to be students<br />and called out to warn them that there was firing at Cama. When they ignored him, he<br />approached them, upon which one of them turned an AK47 on him . If Kasab<br />and Ismail were there, who was firing inside Cama? Again, it is evident that at least four<br />terrorists, and possibly more, were involved in this operation.<br />There was also on 28 November saying that Anand Raorane, a<br />resident of a building opposite Nariman House, heard sounds of celebration from the<br />terrorists there when the news of Karkare getting killed was flashed on TV: isn't that<br />strange? The same report quoted a resident of Nariman House and a local shopkeeper<br />who said that the terrorists had purchased large quantities of food and liquor before the<br />attack, suggesting that more than two of them were planning to occupy the place for a<br />long time. Eye-witnesses in St Xavier's saw a man shot and lying on the pavement in front<br />of the college around 12.30 a.m., while about three gunmen stood over him: who was<br />that? Various reports said that two to eight terrorists were captured alive. Now there is<br />only one in police custody: what happened to the other(s)?<br />A careful scrutiny of all the reports available so far suggests, to this writer anyway, that<br />the killing of Karkare was a premeditated act executed by his self-proclaimed enemies,<br />some of whom had prior intelligence of the attack on the hotels and planned their own<br />attack to coincide with it. The operation in Cama, in particular, seems to have had the sole<br />objective of luring Karkare into the lane where he was later reportedly killed.<br />A.R.Antulay's demand for a probe into the killing was widely supported, even though the<br />same parties who were earlier vilifying and threatening Karkare responded by baying for<br />his blood. P.Chidambaram's clarification that it was by chance that Karkare, Salaskar and<br />Kamte happened to be travelling in the same vehicle does not explain any of the other<br />and killed him<br />an intriguing report in DNA<br />anomalies: Why did the terrorists go into Cama? If they were intending to slaughter<br />people ruthlessly as they did in VT, why did they desist – did they have a sudden crisis of<br />conscience? If they intended to create a hostage crisis, why did they go to the 6th floor and<br />terrace, where there were no patients or staff? On the other hand, if they were looking for<br />a getaway vehicle, wouldn't they have been more likely to find it on the road than on the<br />terrace of Cama? How did these Pakistanis learn to speak Marathi so fluently? And are we<br />really expected to believe that they could defy the laws of nature by being in two places at<br />the same time, engaged in a shootout at Cama while at the same time gunning down subinspector<br />Durgude outside St Xavier's?<br />The Objective: Shutting Down Terrorist Networks<br />These are just a few of the numerous questions being asked by vigilant Bombayites who<br />find themselves thoroughly dissatisfied with the information that has been doled out.<br />These are citizens who understand that their security depends on identifying Islamist<br />terrorist networks in Pakistan and shutting them down, but feel it is equally important to<br />their security to identify and shut down Hindutva terrorist networks in India, which have<br />been responsible for the majority of terrorist attacks in Maharashtra, and possibly the<br />whole country, in the past five years. Why are they so cynical about the possibility of a<br />genuine professional investigation? The answer is that we have too much bitter<br />experience of investigations in which innocent people (usually Muslims) are rounded up,<br />tortured and even killed, while the real culprits are allowed to go free. Interpol chief<br />Robert Noble's amazing revelation on December 23 that India had not shared any<br />information about the terrorists with it, despite its offer to use Interpol's extensive<br />resources to assist in the investigation, can only fuel the suspicion that the information<br />dished out by the police to the public via the media is not of a quality that would be<br />acceptable to a truly professional police agency. Karkare broke with this dismal record,<br />but now he is dead. When a person who has been vilified, slandered and threatened with<br />death is killed in suspicious circumstances, it is imperative that a proper investigation<br />should be carried out soon, before too much evidence can be manufactured and/or<br />destroyed. If Kasab aka Iman disappears or is assassinated like Lee Harvey Oswald, or is<br />executed, that could only be seen as evidence of a cover-up.<br />The government and people of Pakistan have as much interest as the government and<br />people of India in eliminating the terror networks that have killed President Asif Ali<br />Zardari's wife Benazir Bhutto and thousands of others in both Pakistan and India. The<br />terrorists, on the other hand, be they Islamist or Hindutva, have a common interest in<br />destroying secularism, democracy and peace within and between the two countries. That<br />is their precise agenda. Pakistani politicians had offered a joint investigation into the<br />terrorist attacks, a far more sensible suggestion than belligerent statements by some<br />Indians accusing Pakistan of harbouring terrorists who are killing Indians, which led us to<br />the brink of war. It should be obvious that a military conflict between India and Pakistan,<br />advocated by the Shiv Sena, would be disastrous for both countries<br />economically, while a nuclear war, which might ensue if extremist forces captured power<br />in both countries, would have unthinkable consequences. If the Indo-Pakistan peace<br />process is halted, as L.K.Advani advocates, the terrorists would have won.<br />Indeed, without a joint investigation, the terrorist networks behind this outrage can never<br />be uncovered: how else could the names and addresses in Pakistan revealed by Kasab be<br />followed up to the satisfaction of all parties? Interpol could act as a coordinating agency,<br />but would not be able to follow up information about the terrorists unless it is provided by<br />the Indian authorities. The Indian government owes it to the memory of Karkare,<br />Salaskar and Kamte, who died fighting terrorism of all hues, to establish a credible<br />account of exactly where, when and how they were killed, and identify their killers; unlike<br />the well-known female TV anchor and others who berated Antulay for 'helping Pakistan,'<br />we do not have to agree that one has to be a moron in order to be a good Indian! The<br />government also owes it to us, the public, who are the prime targets of all terrorist<br />attacks, to carry out a credible investigation which identifies and puts behind bars all the<br />mass murderers involved in this and other attacks.<br />Terrorism, Rule of Law,<br />and Human Rights<br />K.G. Balakrishnan<br />Adherence to the constitutional principle of 'substantive due process' must be an essential<br />part of our collective response to terrorism. Any dilution of the right to a fair trial for all<br />individuals, however heinous their crimes may be, will be a moral loss against those who<br />preach hatred and violence.<br />From our recent experience, we have learnt that terrorist attacks against innocent and<br />unsuspecting civilians threaten the preservation of the rule of law as well as human<br />rights; and terrorism can broadly be identified with the use of violent methods in place of<br />the ordinary tools of civic engagement and political participation. It has become an<br />increasingly recurrent strategy for insurgent movements as well as identity-based groups<br />to make their voice heard through armed attacks and bomb blasts in place of public<br />dialogue. Independent India is no stranger to the problem of tackling armed terrorists and<br />has faced long-running insurgencies as well as sporadic attacks in many parts of the<br />country.<br />However, in the age of easy international travel and advanced communications, terrorist<br />networks have also assumed cross-border dimensions. In many instances, attacks are<br />planned by individuals located in different countries who use modern technology to<br />collaborate for the transfer of funds and procurement of advanced weapons. This clearly<br />means that terrorism is an international problem and requires effective multilateral<br />engagement between various nations.<br />A challenge<br />For the international legal community, this poses a doctrinal as well as practical challenge.<br />I say this because from the prism of international legal norms, prescriptions against<br />violent attacks have traditionally evolved under two categories — firstly, those related to<br />armed conflict between nations, and secondly, those pertaining to internal disturbances<br />within a nation. While the conduct and consequences of armed conflicts between nations<br />— such as wars and border skirmishes — are regulated by international criminal law and<br />humanitarian law, the occurrence of internal disturbances within a nation are largely<br />considered to be the subject-matter of that particular nation's domestic criminal justice<br />system and constitutional principles.<br />It is often perceived that these doctrinal demarcations actually inhibit international<br />cooperation for cracking down on terrorist cells with cross-border networks. In the<br />absence of bilateral treaties for extradition or assistance in investigation, there is no clear<br />legal basis for international cooperation in investigating terrorist attacks — which are<br />usually classified as internal disturbances in the nation where they took place. Since there<br />are no clear and consistent norms to guide collaboration between nations in acting<br />against terrorists, countries like the United States have invented their own doctrines such<br />as 'pre-emptive action' to justify counter-terrorism operations in foreign nations.<br />However, the pursuit of terrorists alone cannot be a justification for arbitrarily breaching<br />another nation's sovereignty. In this scenario, one strategy that has been suggested is<br />that of recognising terrorist attacks as coming within a new 'hybrid' category of armed<br />conflict, wherein obligations can be placed on different countries to collaborate in the<br />investigation and prosecution of terrorist attacks that have taken place in a particular<br />country. This calls for a blurring of the distinction between the international and domestic<br />nature of armed conflict when it comes to terrorist strikes.<br />Another suggestion that has been made in this regard is that of treating terrorist attacks<br />as offences recognised under International Criminal Law, such as 'crimes against<br />humanity,' which can then be tried before a supranational tribunal such as the<br />International Criminal Court (ICC). However, the obvious practical problem with this<br />suggestion is that prosecutions before this Court need to be initiated by the United<br />Nations Security Council (UNSC) and the latter body may be reluctant to do so in<br />instances of one-off terrorist attacks as opposed to continuing conflicts.<br />Practical constraint<br />Yet another practical constraint that has been brought to the fore with the Mumbai attacks<br />has been the question of holding governments responsible for the actions of non-state<br />actors. While one can say that there is a moral duty on all governments to prevent and<br />restrain the activities of militant groups on their soil, this is easier said than done. For<br />example, several terrorist groups are able to organise financial support and procure<br />weapons even in western nations where the policing and criminal justice systems are<br />perceived to be relatively stronger than in the subcontinent.<br />Coming to the domestic setting, I must state that the symbolic impact of terrorist attacks<br />on the minds of ordinary citizens has also been considerably amplified by the role of<br />pervasive media coverage. In India, the proliferation of 24-hour television news channels<br />and the digital medium has ensured that quite often some disturbing images and<br />statements reach a very wide audience. One of the ill-effects of unrestrained coverage is<br />that of provoking anger among the masses. While it is fair for the media to prompt public<br />criticism of inadequacies in the security and law-enforcement apparatus, there is also a<br />possibility of such resentment turning into an irrational desire for retribution.<br />Furthermore, the trauma resulting from the terrorist attacks may be used as a<br />justification for undue curtailment of individual rights and liberties. Instead of offering a<br />considered response to the growth of terrorism, a country may resort to questionable<br />methods such as permitting indefinite detention of terror suspects, the use of coercive<br />interrogation techniques, and the denial of the right to fair trial. Outside the criminal<br />justice system, the fear generated by terrorist attacks may also be linked to increasing<br />governmental surveillance over citizens and unfair restrictions on immigration.<br />'Slippery slope'<br />In recent years, the most prominent example of this 'slippery slope' for the curtailment of<br />individual rights is the treatment of the detainees in Guantanamo Bay who were arrested<br />by U.S. authorities in the wake of the 9/11 attacks. It is alleged that they have detained<br />hundreds of suspects for long periods, often without the filing of charges or access to<br />independent judicial remedies.<br />For its part the U.S. administration has defended these practices by asserting that the<br />detainees at Guantanamo Bay have safeguards such as appeals before military<br />commissions, administrative review boards and combatant status review tribunals. A<br />follow up to this in Hamdan v. Rumsfeld (126 S. Ct. 2749 (2006) led to the ruling that the<br />terror suspects could not be denied the right of habeas corpus and should be granted<br />access to civilian courts. The rationale for this was that the various military tribunals did<br />not possess the requisite degree of independence to try suspects who had been<br />apprehended and detained by the military authorities themselves.<br />Even in the United Kingdom, the House of Lords in the Belmarsh decision (A v. Secretary<br />of State for the Home Department, [2004] UKHL 56) ruled against a provision in the Anti-<br />Terrorism, Crime and Security Act, 2001, which allowed the indefinite detention of foreign<br />terror suspects. This ruling prompted the enactment of the Prevention of Terrorism Act,<br />2005, which was fiercely debated. The British Parliament accepted a 42-day period as the<br />maximum permissible for detention without charges, subject to judicial checks.<br />Evidently, the judiciary in these two countries has played a moderating role in checking<br />the excesses that have crept into the response against terrorism.<br />In some circles, it is argued that the judiciary places unnecessary curbs on the power of<br />the investigating agencies to tackle terrorism. In India, those who subscribe to this view<br />also demand changes in our criminal and evidence law — such as provisions for longer<br />periods of preventive detention and confessions made before police officials to be made<br />admissible in court. While the ultimate choice in this regard lies with the legislature, we<br />must be careful not to trample upon constitutional principles such as 'substantive due<br />process.' This guarantee was read into the conception of 'personal liberty' under Article 21<br />of the Constitution of India by our Supreme Court. (This idea of 'substantive due process'<br />was incorporated through the decision in Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India, AIR 1978 SC<br />597.) The necessary implication of this is that all governmental action, even in<br />exceptional times, must meet the standards of reasonableness, non-arbitrariness, and<br />non-discrimination.<br />This implies that we must be wary of the use of torture and other forms of coercive<br />interrogation techniques by law enforcement agencies. Coercive interrogation techniques<br />mostly induce false confessions and do not help in preventing terrorist attacks.<br />Furthermore, the tolerance of the same can breed a sense of complacency if they are<br />viewed as an easy way out by investigative agencies.<br />Need for professionalism<br />The apprehension and interrogation of terror suspects must also be done in a thoroughly<br />professional manner, with the provision of adequate judicial scrutiny as mandated in the<br />Code of Criminal Procedure. This is required because in recent counter-terrorist<br />operations, there have been several reports of arbitrary arrests of individuals belonging to<br />certain communities and the concoction of evidence — such as the production of similarly<br />worded confession statements by detained suspects in different places. The proposal for<br />the admissibility of confessional statements made before the police is also problematic<br />since there are fears that such a change will incentivise torture and coercive interrogation<br />by investigative agencies in order to seek convictions rather than engaging in thorough<br />investigation.<br />The role of the judiciary in this regard should not be misunderstood. Adherence to the<br />constitutional principle of 'substantive due process' is an essential part of our collective<br />response to terrorism. As part of the legal community, we must uphold the right to fair<br />trial for all individuals, irrespective of how heinous their crimes may be. If we accept a<br />dilution of this right, it will count as a moral loss against those who preach hatred and<br />violence. We must not confuse between what distinguishes the deliberations of a mature<br />democratic society from the misguided actions of a few.<br />(This is based on Chief Justice of India K.G. Balakrishnan's presidential address at the<br />inaugural session of the international conference of jurists on “Terrorism, Rule of Law &<br />Human Rights” in New Delhi on December 13, 2008.)<br />Acts of Terror and Terrorising Act<br />Unfolding Indian Tragedy<br />Sukla Sen<br />In some circles, it is argued that the judiciary places unnecessary curbs on the power of<br />the investigating agencies to tackle terrorism. In India, those who subscribe to this view<br />also demand changes in our criminal and evidence law — such as provisions for longer<br />periods of preventive detention and confessions made before police officials to be made<br />admissible in court. While the ultimate choice in this regard lies with the legislature, we<br />must be careful not to trample upon constitutional principles such as 'substantive due<br />process.'<br />The role of the judiciary in this regard should not be misunderstood.<br />Adherence to the constitutional principle of 'substantive due process' is an essential part<br />of our collective response to terrorism. As part of the legal community, we must uphold<br />the right to fair trial for all individuals, irrespective of how heinous their crimes may be. If<br />we accept a dilution of this right, it will count as a moral loss against those who preach<br />hatred and violence.<br />K. G. Balakrishnan, Chief Justice of India<br />It is a matter great shame and concern that the amended UAPA Act which had been placed<br />before the Lok Sabha on Tuesday evening was passed unanimously the very next day, on<br />Dec. 17.<br />Similarly, the Rajya Sabha passed it the following evening.<br />This is almost a rerun of the shameful saga concerning the saga of the highly controversial<br />and contested SEZ Act in early 2005. There is, however, at least one crucial difference. In<br />the earlier case, it was a rather quiet affair, almost a hush-hush. This time it was done<br />amidst ugly chest-thumping. Last time, in the Lok Sabha, the BJP did not even participate<br />in the deliberations. This time they claimed with full gusto the credit (sic) for the passage<br />of the Bill overshadowing its official sponsors.<br />While the full details remain to be accessed and analysed, it is pretty much clear that most<br />of the provisions of the earlier scrapped POTA, on account of strong reactions triggered by<br />a history of huge misuse against the minorities, other marginalised sections of the<br />society, people struggling against social and political injustices and also known opponents<br />of those in positions of power have been brought back. Only the provision for legal<br />admissibility of a "confession" made in police custody is left out. But there are other areas,<br />where its reach has further extended. The most important aspect, however, is that the<br />court has to treat an accused as guilty till proved otherwise and unless the court finds the<br />accused prima facie innocent it won't grant any bail to the accused. In case of a "foreign<br />national", there is just no provision for any bail, whatever. This evidently runs counter to<br />the recent Supreme Court directive that during a trial granting of bail should be the norm,<br />and rejection an exception.<br />Even the BJP's start speaker in the Rajya sabha, Arun Jaitley, had to thus admit in course<br />of his shrill advocacy for a draconian Act while supporting the Bill:<br />Quote<br />It is obvious that an anti terror law is not a substitute for stronger intelligence and security<br />responses. You need a powerful intelligence mechanism which infiltrates into the enemy<br />camp and brings you advance information of what the enemy is planning. The intelligence<br />has to be coordinated and then effectively passed on to those who will take preventive<br />measures. Your security responses have to be fast. Your commando reactions must send<br />fear into the enemy mind. Obviously, an anti terror law is not a replacement of all these.<br />Unquote<br />[Source:<br />.]<br />It is not necessary here to get into the utterly perverse nature of Jaitley's foundational<br />assumption of some perpetual enmity and a permanent "enemy camp" except for noting<br />that this is the central element of mobilization strategy of the Hindutva Brigade in<br />pursuance of its "Hindu Rashtra" project – ideological negation and physical liquidation of<br />"secular democratic" India.. But what is more relevant is that even he cannot run away<br />from the obvious fact that draconian laws are no substitute for good intelligence gathering<br />(to prevent acts of terrorism) and prompt and effective response to such acts when they<br />take place nevertheless.<br />A rider, a forewarning, issued by the incumbent Chief Justice of India, in a recent article of<br />his is extremely instructive in the current context:<br />Quote<br />(T)he trauma resulting from the terrorist attacks may be used as a justification for undue<br />curtailment of individual rights and liberties. Instead of offering a considered response to<br />the growth of terrorism, a country may resort to questionable methods such as permitting<br />indefinite detention of terror suspects, the use of coercive interrogation techniques, and<br />the denial of the right to fair trial. Outside the criminal justice system, the fear generated<br />by terrorist attacks may also be linked to increasing governmental surveillance over<br />citizens and unfair restrictions on immigration.<br />This implies that we must be wary of the use of torture and other forms of coercive<br />interrogation techniques by law enforcement agencies. Coercive interrogation techniques<br />http://offstumped.nationalinterest.in/2008/12/18/arun-jaitleys-speech-inrajya-<br />sabha-on-nia-uapa-bills/<br />mostly induce false confessions and do not help in preventing terrorist attacks.<br />Furthermore, the tolerance of the same can breed a sense of complacency if they are<br />viewed as an easy way out by investigative agencies.<br />Unquote<br />[Source: < >.]<br />Pretty unfortunately, but rather expectedly, the entire thrust of the discourse<br />spearheaded by the outraged elite is to "tighten the law" to ensure "conviction" of the<br />accused by granting more powers to the law enforcing agencies whose performance in<br />stalling terrorist attacks amidst repeated claims of busting the "terror modules" and<br />capturing, and also "neutralising" through encounters, the (innumerable) "masterminds"<br />remains utterly and increasingly dismal. Highly conspicuous is any anxiety to ensure an<br />efficient investigation and effective intelligence gathering and making those responsible<br />for failures accountable for their failures.<br />Draconian laws, let there be no confusion, will only tend to turn the highhanded, corrupt<br />and lousy police force even more so and thereby further worsen the situation. Not that<br />there will not be more convictions and many more arrests, indefinite detentions, custodial<br />and encounter deaths. The continued incarceration of Dr. Binayak Sen – a dedicated<br />doctor of highest distinction and a human rights activist of national stature - behind the<br />bars since May 2007 on apparently trumped up charges despite national and global<br />protests, even without the aid of the newly brushed up UAPA Act, is enough of a pointer.<br />But that will not stop or deter terrorism, rather further aggravate. It is a great tragedy<br />that such measure is being sold and consumed considered as the silver bullet in spite of<br />clearly proven track record of gross failures. The attack on the Indian Parliament, the Red<br />Fort, Akshardham temple in Gandhinagar and also the hijacking of an Indian Airlines<br />plane to Kandahar are just a few examples. All these are, incidentally, of somewhat nature<br />as that of the latest attack in Mumbai.<br />The latest terror attack in Mumbai, which is somewhat atypical in the context of endless<br />terror attacks in India since the one on March 12 1993 - flowing directly from the<br />preceding bloodbath sparked on January 6 1993 – has, however, one common<br />characteristic. That is the gross failure of intelligence.<br />Intelligence gathering and sorting out of the same through interactions of various<br />agencies into actionable knowledge has various stages and levels. The gathering itself<br />has essentially two categories – domestic and external. The external element is of course<br />the charge of a very specialized agency mainly through a set of trained "spies", and tips<br />from other "friendly" agencies. The internal gathering process is, however, far more<br />varied. Even then the base, and the most crucial element, is constituted of intelligence<br />gathering at the grassroots level. Here the present practice is to obtain information<br />through paid "informers" – all sorts of shady characters, petty and professional criminals.<br />Given the extremely negative image of the police vis-à-vis the local communities, it could<br />http://www.hindu.com/2008/12/16/stories/2008121653310800.htm<br />hardly be otherwise. But this method cannot but be far less efficient than would have been<br />in case of voluntary and free flow of information from the common citizenry. But that<br />would call for a very different image of the police. A very different relationship with the<br />local communities. Instead of an institution symbolizing and embodiment of torture and<br />oppression, the police has to have a people-friendly image in order to make that possible.<br />But in such an event, not only intelligence gathering would be far more efficient – but that<br />would rather be a fringe benefit – the maintenance of "law and order" itself would be much<br />smoother.<br />Nothing can be truer and more forthright than a recent assessment of the current state of<br />Indian policing as contained in a statement issued by the Asian Human Rights<br />Commission on the last December 2, in the wake of the terror attack in Mumbai.<br />Quote<br />The fact remains that the Maharashtra State Police, like any other state police force in the<br />country, can hardly do anything to avert these incidents. The state of policing in the<br />country is in such demise that it has completely severed its contact with the people. Most<br />police officers contact the members of the public only to demand bribes. Corruption in the<br />police service is at such levels that even in order to lodge a complaint the complainant has<br />to pay a bribe.<br />Police brutality is so rampant in the country that the sight of a police uniform is enough to<br />scare an ordinary person, particularly among the poor population. Information,<br />independent of its nature, has to be forced out of the ordinary people. Information<br />obtained under the threat of violence is tainted and cannot be acted upon. Terrorists are<br />different from the ordinary people in the sense that they have money, better training and<br />equipment at their disposal to achieve their goals. They can bribe the police and are in fact<br />doing so.<br />To expect an ordinary Indian to approach the local police with information is an<br />impossibility in the country. An example is the statements made by the parents who lost<br />their children in the infamous 2006 December Noida serial murder case. The case began<br />after the recovery of the skeletal remains of missing children in Nithari village in the<br />outskirts of Noida city close to New Delhi.<br />Unquote<br />[Source: < >.]<br />The unfortunate "unanimous" passage of the freshly amended Unlawful Activities<br />(Prevention) Act is only an indicator of the deep rot in the system. It is no less revealing<br />that during the debates no one reportedly raised the very sensible and in fact obvious<br />demand for a credible public enquiry covering all the aspects of widely alleged intelligence<br />failure, response lags and lapses, who are behind the attack and why to work out a set of<br />thoughtful and rational responses to make the system at least somewhat less vulnerable<br />http://www.ahrchk.net/statements/mainfile.php/2008statements/1789/<br />the next time round; to make the reoccurrence significantly less probable;. to make such<br />a tragedy far less costly if it manages to happen nevertheless. We had only chest<br />thumping demagoguery, clamour for draconian laws and war cries all around.<br />Instead of helping contain terrorism, let alone eradicating, it will only further aggravate<br />social tensions through legitimization of corrupt highhandedness of the police force and<br />targeting of specific segments of the society with full protections of the law. It is perhaps<br />Gorky who had pronounced that if order is injustice then disorder is the beginning of<br />justice. Unfortunately, law itself predictably turning more and more unlawful and<br />tyrannical, more and more youngsters would tend to embrace that as a piece of divine<br />wisdom with disastrous consequences on all sides to follow.<br />That even the sage words of the serving Chief Justice of India stand so casually dismissed<br />only goes to further underscore the depth of the tragedy we have dug ourselves in.<br />Only an awakened common citizenry refusing to succumb to the easy lure of ugly blood<br />lust triggered by such disasters as the last terror attack in Mumbai and steadfastly<br />demanding thoughtful actions and radical reforms to prevent recurrence of such shameful<br />failure is the way to get ourselves out.<br />Our Politicians Are Still Not Listening<br />By Colin Gonsalves<br />20 December, 2008<br />Mail Today<br />One would have thought that after the Bombay attack and the public outpouring of<br />resentment against politicians, that the establishment would get its act in order. One<br />would expect that careful thought would go into the making of proposals to combat<br />terrorism and to keep the people secure. Instead what do we find? The same old clichés<br />and the usual attack on human rights activists.<br />What the people of India expected, was that the governments would give careful thought<br />to making the police a professional fighting force oriented towards the security of the<br />ordinary citizens of India rather than operating, as it does now, as the protectors of<br />politicians. They also expected that the police would eliminate from its ranks the use of<br />torture and the vice of corruption, two aspects of policing today that make the general<br />public both distrustful and fearful of the police.<br />Listening carefully, however, to the statements of BJP and Congress politicians in the<br />media, one can find no reference to the demands of the people. Politicians are obviously<br />distracted by the national lections scheduled for early next year and even such a serious<br />incident of terrorism as the Bombay attack figures even now in their consciousness as a<br />vote catching exercise.<br />In a knee-jerk reaction, GOI proposes to enact The Unlawful Activities (Prevention)<br />Amendment Act, 2008. Under section 15, the prosecution is to be granted upto 180 days<br />to file a chargesheet (it is a 90 day limit today after which the accused is granted bail<br />mandatorily), the provisions for bail are stricter, and if arms or explosives are proved to be<br />recovered from the accused, then the court is entitled to presume that the accused has<br />committed a terrorist act.<br />Indian criminal law provisions rank among the strictest in the world. In the US and the UK<br />even after the terrorist attacks in those countries, the maximum period of detention<br />without a chargesheet is 2 days and 28 days respectively. The provisions in India for<br />search and seizures are the most liberal in the world.<br />Supreme Court decisions to the effect that even if the searches and seizures are illegal<br />they may still be relied upon in evidence against the accused, has given the police a free<br />hand to do all kinds of hanky panky while conducting raids. Amendments have been made<br />in various statutes to permit interceptions of communications.<br />Supreme Court decisions after 2000 have watered down the criminal law protection of<br />accused persons and have lowered the criminal law standard of proof beyond reasonable<br />doubt to such an extent, that international jurists are appalled by the way in which the<br />Indian courts are convicting accused persons. Why then, with such strict laws and with<br />such a convicting judiciary, did the Bombay attack happen with such impunity? The<br />answer is simple. The problem in India lies not in the law but in its implementation.<br />This is where the main demands of the people that the police become a professional force,<br />that law and order be separated from the investigation of crimes, and that corruption and<br />violence be eliminated, becomes important. The Central Government also proposes to<br />pass The National Investigation Agency Bill, 2008 which will see the setting up of a<br />national body to oversee the investigation and prosecution of terrorist offences. Here<br />again the approach is cosmetic rather than substantial and the aim is to impress rather<br />than protect. The Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) is today a national body for the<br />investigation of all serious crimes. The only difference between the CBI and the NIA is that<br />the former is required to take the permission of the states prior to acting within the state,<br />whereas the NIA can operate without consent. But if all the states are agreed, as indeed<br />they are, that terrorism ought to be fought at the national level as well, then there ought<br />to be no difficulty for the Central Government to consult the legislatures of the states in a<br />transparent manner, to obtain consent for the CBI to operate throughout the country.<br />All that would be necessary thereafter is for the Central Government to administratively<br />upgrade the CBI. THOUGH it must be said to the credit of the Union Government that they<br />have not succumbed to the temptation to introduce the draconian POTA provision<br />authorising confessions to a police officer (which rendered POTA trials farcical), the<br />reference to Left Wing Extremism in the Statements of Objects and Reasons is<br />disappointing.<br />Naxalism has deep social roots in injustice, poverty and state violence, unlike the<br />senseless terrorism of Pakistani agents. Like the IRA in Ireland, it must be recognised as a<br />political tendency and negotiated with politically. The reasons for the growth of naxalism<br />must be understood as requiring a radical shift from the inequities of globalisation to a<br />more socialistic programme where the common person is treated with dignity. In the<br />present political situation however, one can only see hysteria and the lack of reason.<br />India's New Anti-Terror Laws Draconian<br />Say Activists<br />Praful Bidwai<br />20 December, 2008<br />Inter Press Service<br />NEW DELHI, Dec 19 (IPS) - Following the late November terror attacks in Mumbai,<br />India has passed two tough laws being seen by rights activists as potentially eroding the<br />country's federal structure and limiting fundamental liberties.<br />Parliament -- meeting under the shadow of the November 26-29 attacks on India's<br />commercial hub resulting in close to 200 deaths -- approved the legislations on Thursday<br />with no considered debate and the ruling United Progressive Alliance (UPA) of Prime<br />Minister Manmohan Singh pushing them past amendments tabled by several<br />parliamentarians.<br />One law, the National Investigation Agency (NIA) Act, seeks to establish a new police<br />organisation to investigate acts of terrorism and other statutory offences.<br />The other, the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Amendment (UAPA) Act, radically changes<br />procedures for trying those accused of terrorism, extends the periods of police custody<br />and of detention without charges, denies bail to foreigners, and the reverses the burden<br />of proof in many instances.<br />Civil liberties activists and public-spirited citizens are appalled at the new laws, which<br />they describe as draconian and excessive in relation to the measures India really needs to<br />take to fight terrorism.<br />"The UAPA Act is particularly vile, and will have the effect of turning India into a virtual<br />police state," says Colin Gonsalves, executive director of the Delhi-based Human Rights<br />Law Network. "It basically brings back a discredited law, the Prevention of Terrorism Act of<br />2002 (POTA), except for admitting confessions made to a police officer as legal evidence."<br />POTA was an extremely unpopular law, which the UPA government abrogated upon<br />coming to power in 2004 in response to innumerable complaints of its selective and<br />discriminatory use against India's Muslim minority, and its cavalier and irresponsible<br />application to offences not even remotely connected with terrorism.<br />While rescinding POTA, the UPA kept in place all of India's criminal laws, which are much<br />stricter than those in many democracies.<br />In addition, it also enacted an amendment to the Unlawful Activities Act, 1967, which<br />increased punishment for committing acts of terrorism and for harbouring terrorists or<br />financing them, enhanced police powers of seizures, made communications intercepts<br />admissible as evidence, and increased the period of detention without charges to 90 days<br />from the existing 30 days.<br />However, this was not enough to please those who want a "strong" militarised state which<br />will prevent and punish terrorism by violating the citizen's fundamental rights, including<br />the right to a fair trial, and not to be detained without charges.<br />India's main right-wing political group, the Bharatiya Janata Party, has been stridently<br />demanding that POTA be re-enacted. Until recently, the UPA, the Left and other centrist<br />parties stood firm in rejecting the demand despite the numerous terrorist attacks that<br />India has suffered over the past few years.<br />"But now, the UPA has suddenly, and shamefully, caved in to the BJP's demand under the<br />pressure of elite opinion," says Jairus Banaji, a highly regarded Mumbai-based social<br />scientist. "The capitulation seems to be based on the UPA's anxiety to counter the BJP's<br />ridiculous charge that it lacks the will to fight terrorism, and on its political calculations<br />about the next general election due by May."<br />In its desperation to be seen to be taking a tough stand against terrorism, the Manmohan<br />Singh government also tabled the NIA Bill earlier this week. The new agency will<br />specifically investigate offences related to atomic energy, aviation and maritime<br />transport, weapons of mass destruction, and Left-wing extremism, besides terrorism.<br />Significantly, it excludes Right-wing terrorism, which has become a greater menace in<br />India.<br />Unlike the existing Central Bureau of Investigation, which needs the consent of a state<br />before investigating crimes there, the NIA will not need a state's concurrence. This is a<br />serious infringement of the federal system, where law and order is a state subject.<br />Many state governments and regional political parties have sharply criticised the Act on<br />this count. In India, Central agencies are politically vulnerable to manipulation by New<br />Delhi and often used to settle scores with states ruled by opposition parties.<br />The NIA Act also provides for special courts to try various offences. This too has drawn<br />criticism from eminent lawyers such as Rajeev Dhavan, who argues that the potential<br />misuse of this anti-terror legislation will now "come from both the states and the union,<br />which can hijack the case".<br />The UAPA Act contains a number of draconian clauses, and is also applicable to the entire<br />country -- unlike the Unlawful Activities Act, which was originally not extended to the<br />strife-torn state of Jammu and Kashmir. This too has drawn protests from Kashmir-based<br />political parties and human rights groups.<br />The stringent clauses cover a broad range, including a redefinition of terrorism, harsh<br />punishment extending from five years' imprisonment to life sentence or death, long<br />periods of detention, and presumption of guilt in case weapons are recovered from an<br />accused person.<br />The new definition now includes acts done with the intent to threaten or "likely" to<br />threaten the unity, integrity, security or sovereignty of India, and offences related to<br />radioactive or nuclear substances, and even attempts to overawe, kidnap or abduct<br />constitutional and other functionaries that may be listed by the government. Dhavan<br />says: "The list is potentially endless."<br />Under the Act, an accused can be held in police custody for 30 days, and further detained<br />without charges for 180 days, although courts can restrict the period to 90 days.<br />"This is a travesty of constitutional rights and the rule of law," says Gonsalves. "Even<br />worse is the presumption of guilt in case there is a recovery of arms, explosives and other<br />substances, suspected to be involved, including fingerprints on them. The police in India<br />routinely plants such arms and explosives, and creates a false record of recovery."<br />"The very fact that offences such as organising terrorist training camps or recruiting or<br />harbouring terrorists carry a punishment as broad as three or five years to life<br />imprisonment shows that the government has not applied its mind to the issue,''<br />Gonsalves added.<br />Under the Act, there is a general obligation to disclose any information that a police officer<br />of a certain rank thinks is relevant to the investigation. Failure to disclose information can<br />lead to imprisonment for three years. Journalists are not exempt from this.<br />Besides making telecommunications and e-mail intercepts admissible as evidence, the<br />Act also denies bail to all foreign nationals, and mandates a refusal of bail to anyone if a<br />prima facie case exists, which is decided on the basis of a First Information Report filed by<br />the police.<br />POTA and its predecessor, Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act (TADA),<br />were extensively abused. They typically targeted the religious minorities, specifically<br />Muslims, and allowed for their harassment and persecution.<br />The TADA story is especially horrifying. Some 67,000 people were arrested under it, but<br />only 8,000 put on trial, and a mere 725 convicted.<br />Official TADA Review Committees themselves found the law's application untenable in all<br />but 5,000 cases. In 1993, Gujarat witnessed no terrorism, but more than 19,000 people<br />were still arrested under TADA.<br />Religious minorities were selectively targeted under both Acts. For instance, in Rajasthan,<br />of 115 TADA detainees, 112 were Muslims and three Sikhs.<br />Gujarat had a worse pattern under POTA, when all but one of the 200-plus detainees were<br />Muslims, the remaining one a Sikh.<br />The passing of the two new laws is certain to increase the alienation of India's Muslims<br />from the state. They have been the principal victims of India's anti-terrorism strategy and<br />activities in recent years.<br />Muslims are first to be arrested and interrogated after any terrorist incident, even when<br />the victims are Muslims, and although strong evidence has recently emerged of a wellramified<br />pro-Hindu terrorist network, in which serving and retired army officers were<br />found to be key players.<br />Muslims also distressed at the alacrity and haste with which the new laws were passed,<br />especially since it contrasts with the UPA government's failure to enact a law it promised<br />five years ago to punish communal violence and hate crimes targeting specific religious<br />groups.<br />"This will pave the way for more disaffection amongst Muslims and make the social and<br />political climate more conducive to terrorism," argues Gonsalves. "Even worse, it will<br />promote excesses of the kind associated with state terrorism. And that is no way to fight<br />sub-state terrorism."<br />TERRORISM :<br />ARE STRONGER LAWS THE ANSWER?<br />By Prashant Bhushan<br />The terrorist attack on two five star hotels in Mumbai has led to a lot of jingoism and<br />muscle-flexing in the media, and on the streets. “Enough is enough”, “We will not pay our<br />taxes”, “we must destroy terrorist training camps in Pakistan” are the kind of cries that are<br />heard most frequently. “Get tough on terror” is the new mantra and among other things,<br />getting tough means bringing tougher laws. The UPA government which repealed POTA<br />just 4 years ago because it was found to be draconian, misused and counterproductive,<br />has now used the jingoism to enact a “tougher terror law” in the form of amendments in<br />the already draconian Unlawful Activities Prevention Act. These amendments were<br />introduced in Parliament on the 15th December and passed the next day with virtually no<br />debate and without any opportunity to civil society to study, digest and debate the<br />implications of the amendments.<br />Those who have been clamouring for tougher laws often do not know what makes the law<br />tough, and how “tougher” laws would deter or prevent terrorism. In the first place, it<br />must be understood that a law can only help to keep in custody and prosecute and convict<br />any person who has been arrested. No law, however tough or draconian, can deter or deal<br />with suicidal terrorists who are willing to die before they are caught. The prospect of no<br />bail or the prospect of being convicted is hardly likely to scare or deter the kind of<br />terrorists who attacked Mumbai. In fact, in Iraq, the security forces or the Army can<br />detain or keep in detention indefinitely or even shoot down any person at will. The police<br />or security forces cannot have more draconian powers than that. Yet, those powers, far<br />from bringing down terrorism in Iraq, have only led to conditions, which have created<br />more terrorists who are blowing up themselves and hundreds of people every day.<br />When POTA was repealed, some of its draconian provisions had been engrafted into the<br />Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act. Those, along with The Chhattisgarh Public Security<br />Act, whose provisions make it an offence to provide any kind of assistance to a banned<br />organization or a person belonging to a banned organization, have been used to<br />incarcerate Binayak Sen, the General Secretary of the PUCL. Sen unquestionably one of<br />the most selfless activists, spent a good part of his life in setting up public health clinics in<br />remote areas of Chhattisgarh. He has been in detention for the last one and half years on<br />the charge that he has “assisted” Maoists who were in jail by taking letters from them and<br />giving them to their comrades. It matters not that these letters he is alleged to have<br />carried did not contain anything subversive. The mere fact that he is alleged to have<br />carried letters from an alleged Maoist is enough to charge him with “assisting” an unlawful<br />(Maoist) organization and thus a terrorist act.<br />Denial of bail under POTA had only allowed the investigative agencies to keep under<br />detention innocent persons, against whom the investigative agencies had no evidence of<br />terrorism. No court would grant bail anyway to a person against there is any evidence of<br />involvement in any terrorist act. No government has ever come up with a case that some<br />terrorist act was committed by a person who was arrested earlier but released on bail<br />because of the absence of “stronger laws”. Similarly, everybody knows that police<br />confessions can be obtained from anyone by torture or under the threat of torture. They<br />are a totally unsafe and unreliable basis for charging or convicting any person. These<br />draconian provisions of POTA and its predecessor TADA had only encouraged the police to<br />detain innocent persons indefinitely, charge sheet them on the basis of police confessions<br />and then prosecute them in trials which go on for years. Once having arrested the<br />persons and chargesheeted them, the police claims that the case has been solved. During<br />this time, these persons are usually tortured in custody, and forced to confess. Their<br />prolonged incarcerations lead to the permanent loss of their reputation and the economic<br />destruction of their families. The fact that most of the persons chargesheeted under<br />these draconian laws were innocent, is clear from the fact that more than 98% of them<br />were eventually acquitted. But their acquittal came only after an enormous toll on their<br />reputation, health, lives and the economic survival of their families. This has not only<br />caused great injustice to thousands of innocent persons who have been unfairly arrested<br />and victimized by the investigative agencies in this manner, it is one of the major causes<br />of the insecurity, alienation and anger of the minorities against the police, the criminal<br />justice system and indeed the ruling establishment of the country.<br />This is indeed the finding of several People's Tribunals which have extensively heard the<br />testimonies of large numbers of persons who were victimized by these Acts. The People's<br />Tribunal on POTA consisting of eminent jurists like Ram Jethmalani, Justice Suresh,<br />Justice D.K. Basu, K.G. Kannabiran, and other eminent persons, opined in their report in<br />2004, that, “Our review of victim and expert testimony shows that the misuse of the Act is<br />inseperable from its normal use. It is a Statute meant to terrorise, not so much the<br />terrorists as ordinary civilians – particularly the poor and disadvantaged such as dalits,<br />religious minorities, adivasis and working people.”<br />A People's Tribunal on the terror investigations of the police in various states of the<br />country was held in Hyderabad in August 2008. The jury consisted of two former Chief<br />Justices, several other eminent, academics, lawyers and social scientists. They came to<br />the unanimous conclusion that:<br />“The testimonies showed that a large number of innocent young Muslims have been and<br />are being victimized by the police on the charge of being involved in various terrorist acts<br />across the country. This is particularly so in Maharashtra, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh,<br />Andhra Pradesh and Rajasthan, though not limited to these States.<br />This victimization and demonisation of Muslims in the guise of investigation of terror<br />offences, is having a very serious psychological impact on the minds of not only the<br />families of the victims but also other members of the community. It is leading to a very<br />strong sense of insecurity and alienation which may lead to frightful consequences for the<br />nation.”<br />The amendments now rushed through in the Unlawful Activities Act undoubtedly<br />make it more draconian by giving more powers to the police to search, arrest, keep in<br />police custody and in jail persons on mere subjective suspicion even if they have no<br />evidence of their being involved in any terrorist Acts. The newly introduced Section 43A of<br />the act empowers an officer of a designated authority to search any premises or arrest<br />any person of whom he has “reason to believe or knows” that he has a “design to commit<br />an offence under the Act.<br />Further, police officers investigating an offence under the Act have (with the approval of<br />the SP), been empowered to require any organization or any individual to furnish any<br />information that the officer may demand for his investigation. The failure to furnish such<br />information has been made punishable with up to 3 years imprisonment. Such a provision<br />can and will easily be misused by the police to harass all kinds of activists, lawyers,<br />doctors and journalists who stand up for, or provide any assistance, even legal or<br />medical, to an alleged terrorist.<br />The maximum period for keeping persons in police custody have been extended from 15<br />to 30 days. Police custody is sought for “custodial interrogation” which we all know is a<br />euphemism for custodial torture. India has the highest number of custodial deaths in the<br />world and is among the few countries, which has not signed the UN convention on torture.<br />Though the Constitution provides that no one can be compelled to be a witness against<br />himself, yet such coercive “custodial interrogation”, is being allowed by the Courts for<br />months without end. Abu Basheer, the Azamgarh cleric who has been dubbed as one of<br />the many “Masterminds” of the serial blasts in Ahmedabad, Jaipur and Delhi, has been<br />continuously kept in police custody for more than 6 months now by arresting him serially<br />(after every 15 days) in one after another of the more than 25 FIRs that have been<br />registered in Ahmedabad, Jaipur and Delhi for the serial blasts.<br />The Code of Criminal Procedure provides that if the chargesheet against an<br />arrested person is not filed within 90 days, he will be entitled to Bail. This is for the reason,<br />that till the chargesheet is filed, it is virtually impossible for an arrested person to get bail,<br />even if the police has no evidence against him. The new amendments also extend the<br />maximum period for filing a chargesheet against an arrestee to 180 days. A n o t h e r<br />amendment makes bail virtually impossible even during trial. It provides that an “accused<br />person shall not be released on bail or on his own bond, if the court on a perusal of the case<br />diary or the report made under section 173 (the chargesheet) of the code is of the opinion<br />that there are reasonable grounds for believing that the accusations against the persons<br />are prima facie true”<br />These amendments make the Unlawful Activities Act as or more draconian than POTA. The<br />only draconian provision of POTA left out in this Act now is the admissibility of police<br />confessions.<br />Far from curbing terror, we find that draconian laws used by a corrupt and communal<br />police, are creating conditions which will only exacerbate the problem. The normal laws of<br />the land are adequate to deal with terror offences. The problem lies with the police, which<br />is the implementing agency. The Supreme Court had issued many directions in<br />September 2006 to implement police reforms which several expert agencies of the<br />government had recommended many years ago, but which had not been implemented.<br />They included, setting up independent State and National Security Commissions, Police<br />Establishment Boards, Police Complaints Authorities and giving a minimum tenure to<br />heads of field police officers at all levels including Police Chiefs etc. The thrust of these<br />recommendations was to make the police and investigative agencies accountable to the<br />law and free them from the strangulating control of the political executive. Neither the<br />Central nor most of the States governments have implemented the directions of the<br />Supreme Court about the police reforms. None of the major political parties are prepared<br />to relinquish their political control over the police.<br />Implementation of reforms within the Police and Intelligence agencies should certainly<br />improve security and reduce terror attacks. But that will not eliminate the problem.<br />Israel, with the most efficient intelligence, security and police has not been able to<br />eliminate the problem, despite the small size of the country. They have suicide attacks<br />almost every month. No amount of intelligence or security can stop terrorists who are<br />willing to give up their lives. They can only be stopped if their motivation is eliminated.<br />That will require what Chomsky advised in the wake of 9/11. He said: “As to how to react<br />(to 9/11), we have a choice. We can express justified horror; we can seek to understand<br />what may have led to the crimes, which means making an effort to enter into the minds of<br />the likely perpetrators. …… We may try to understand, or refuse to do so, contributing to<br />the likelihood that much worse lies ahead.”<br />Eventually, understanding the motivations of the terrorists and dealing the injustices<br />that pervade our society, and repairing the institutions of justice, particularly the<br />police and the judiciary, will be a much more effective way of fighting terror, than laws<br />which give more draconian powers to corrupt and insensitive police organisations.sandyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02503582209971047801noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1189550843890972872.post-67492981525702788712008-12-08T22:48:00.001-08:002008-12-23T04:04:13.459-08:00Merit-cum-Means Scholarship Scheme for Minority Communities Students<p class="MsoBodyText2" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></p> <div align="center"> <table style="width: 280.9pt;" border="1" cellpadding="0" width="375"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding: 1.5pt; width: 277.9pt;" valign="top" width="371"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=";font-family:Symbol;font-size:14;" ></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: center; text-indent: -0.75in;" align="center"><b><u><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14;" ><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.75in;"><a name="objective"></a><b><u><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14;" >Objective:<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: normal;"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: normal;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14;" ><br />The objective of the Scheme is to provide financial assistance to the poor and meritorious students belonging to minority communities to enable them to pursue professional and technical courses.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;" align="right"><a href="http://minorityaffairs.gov.in/newsite/schemes/scholarships/scheme_details.htm#top"><b>TOP</b> </a></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: normal;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14;" ><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><a name="scope"></a><b><u><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14;" >Scope:</span></u></b><br /><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14;" ><br />These scholarships are available for studies in India only and will be awarded through an Agency designated by the State Government/UT Administration for this purpose.<b><u><o:p></o:p></u></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;" align="right"><a href="http://minorityaffairs.gov.in/newsite/schemes/scholarships/scheme_details.htm#top"><b>TOP</b></a> </p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: normal;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14;" ><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 14pt;"><a name="scholarships"></a><b><u><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14;" >Number of scholarship:<br /></span></u></b><br /><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14;" >Every year 20000 scholarships will be distributed among the students of minority communities throughout the country. Based on the state-wise population of these communities, the distribution of scholarship will be as under:</span><b><u><span style=";font-family:";" > </span></u></b><b><u><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14;" ><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b><span style=";font-family:";" >State-wise distribution of scholarships</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><u><span style=";font-family:";" ><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></p> <table style="width: 544.95pt; margin-left: 10.85pt; border-collapse: collapse;" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="727"> <tbody><tr style="height: 49.75pt;"> <td style="border: 0.5pt solid windowtext; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 27.8pt; height: 49.75pt;" valign="top" width="37" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >S. No. <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: solid solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 1.25in; height: 49.75pt;color:-moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="120" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >States <o:p></o:p></span></b></p> </td> <td style="border-style: solid solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 67.6pt; height: 49.75pt;color:-moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="90"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >No. of Scholarship for Muslim<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: solid solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 67.6pt; height: 49.75pt;color:-moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="90"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >No. of Scholarship for Christian<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: solid solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 1in; height: 49.75pt;color:-moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="96"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >No. of Scholarship for Sikh<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: solid solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 1in; height: 49.75pt;color:-moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="96"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >No. of Scholarship for Buddhist<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: solid solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 67.6pt; height: 49.75pt;color:-moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="90"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >No. of Scholarship for Parsi<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: solid solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 80.35pt; height: 49.75pt;color:-moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="107"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" > No. of Scholarship for all Minority Communities.<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 0.25in;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 27.8pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="bottom" width="37" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >1<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 1.25in; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="120" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >Andhra Pradesh<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 67.6pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="90" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >737<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 67.6pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="90" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >124<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 1in; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="96" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >3<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 1in; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="96" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >3<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 67.6pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="90" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >0<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 80.35pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="107" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >867<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 0.25in;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 27.8pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="bottom" width="37" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >2<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 1.25in; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="120" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >Arunachal Pradesh<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 67.6pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="90" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >2<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 67.6pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="90" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >21<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 1in; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="96" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >0<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 1in; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="96" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >15<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 67.6pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="90" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >0<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 80.35pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="107" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >38<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 0.25in;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 27.8pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="bottom" width="37" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >3<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 1.25in; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="120" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >Assam<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 67.6pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="90" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >870<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 67.6pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="90" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >104<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 1in; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="96" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >2<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 1in; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="96" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >5<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 67.6pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="90" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >0<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 80.35pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="107" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >981<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 0.25in;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 27.8pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="bottom" width="37" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >4<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 1.25in; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="120" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >Bihar<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 67.6pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="90" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >1448<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 67.6pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="90" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >6<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 1in; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="96" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >2<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 1in; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="96" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >2<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 67.6pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="90" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >0<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 80.35pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="107" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >1458<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 0.25in;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 27.8pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="bottom" width="37" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >5<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 1.25in; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="120" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >Chhatisgarh<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 67.6pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="90" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >43<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 67.6pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="90" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >42<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 1in; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="96" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >7<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 1in; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="96" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >7<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 67.6pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="90" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >0<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 80.35pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="107" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >99<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 0.25in;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 27.8pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="bottom" width="37" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >6<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 1.25in; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="120" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >Goa<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 67.6pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="90" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >10<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 67.6pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="90" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >38<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 1in; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="96" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >0<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 1in; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="96" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >0<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 67.6pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="90" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >1<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 80.35pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="107" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >49<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 0.25in;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 27.8pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="bottom" width="37" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >7<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 1.25in; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="120" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >Gujarat<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 67.6pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="90" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >485<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 67.6pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="90" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >30<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 1in; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="96" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >5<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 1in; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="96" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >2<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 67.6pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="90" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >1<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 80.35pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="107" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >523<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 0.25in;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 27.8pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="bottom" width="37" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >8<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 1.25in; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="120" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >Haryana<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 67.6pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="90" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >129<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 67.6pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="90" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >3<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 1in; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="96" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >124<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 1in; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="96" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >1<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 67.6pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="90" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >0<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 80.35pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="107" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >257<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 0.25in;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 27.8pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="bottom" width="37" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >9<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 1.25in; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="120" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >Himachal Pradesh<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 67.6pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="90" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >13<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 67.6pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="90" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >1<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 1in; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="96" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >8<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 1in; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="96" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >8<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 67.6pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="90" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >0<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 80.35pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="107" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >30<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 0.25in;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 27.8pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="bottom" width="37" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >10<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 1.25in; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="120" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >Jammu & Kashmir<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 67.6pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="90" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >717<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 67.6pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="90" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >2<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 1in; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="96" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >22<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 1in; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="96" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >12<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 67.6pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="90" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >0<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 80.35pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="107" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >753<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 0.25in;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 27.8pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="bottom" width="37" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >11<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 1.25in; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="120" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >Jharkhand<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 67.6pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="90" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >394<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 67.6pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="90" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >115<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 1in; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="96" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >9<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 1in; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="96" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >1<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 67.6pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="90" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >0<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 80.35pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="107" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >519<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 0.25in;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 27.8pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="bottom" width="37" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >12<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 1.25in; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="120" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >Karnataka<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 67.6pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="90" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >682<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 67.6pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="90" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >106<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 1in; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="96" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >2<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 1in; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="96" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >42<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 67.6pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="90" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >0<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 80.35pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="107" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >832<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 0.25in;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 27.8pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="bottom" width="37" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >13<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 1.25in; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="120" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >Kerala<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 67.6pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="90" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >830<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 67.6pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="90" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >639<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 1in; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="96" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >0<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 1in; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="96" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >0<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 67.6pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="90" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >0<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 80.35pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="107" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >1469<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 0.25in;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 27.8pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="bottom" width="37" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >14<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 1.25in; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="120" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >Madhya Pradesh<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 67.6pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="90" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >406<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 67.6pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="90" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >18<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 1in; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="96" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >16<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 1in; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="96" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >22<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 67.6pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="90" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >0<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 80.35pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="107" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >462<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 0.25in;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 27.8pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="bottom" width="37" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >15<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 1.25in; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="120" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >Maharashtra <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 67.6pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="90" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >1084<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 67.6pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="90" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >112<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 1in; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="96" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >23<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 1in; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="96" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >617<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 67.6pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="90" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >4<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 80.35pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="107" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >1840<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 0.25in;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 27.8pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="bottom" width="37" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >16<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 1.25in; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="120" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >Manipur<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 67.6pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="90" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >20<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 67.6pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="90" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >78<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 1in; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="96" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >0<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 1in; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="96" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >0<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 67.6pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="90" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >0<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 80.35pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="107" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >98<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 0.25in;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 27.8pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="bottom" width="37" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >17<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 1.25in; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="120" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >Meghalaya<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 67.6pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="90" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >10<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 67.6pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="90" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >172<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 1in; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="96" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >0<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 1in; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="96" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >0<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 67.6pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="90" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >0<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 80.35pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="107" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >182<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 0.25in;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 27.8pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="bottom" width="37" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >18<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 1.25in; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="120" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >Mizoram<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 67.6pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="90" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >1<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 67.6pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="90" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >82<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 1in; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="96" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >0<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 1in; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="96" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >8<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 67.6pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="90" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >0<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 80.35pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="107" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >91<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 0.25in;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 27.8pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="bottom" width="37" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >19<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 1.25in; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="120" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >Nagaland<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 67.6pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="90" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >4<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 67.6pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="90" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >189<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 1in; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="96" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >0<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 1in; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="96" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >0<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 67.6pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="90" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >0<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 80.35pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="107" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >193<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 0.25in;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 27.8pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="bottom" width="37" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >20<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 1.25in; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="120" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >Orissa <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 67.6pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="90" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >81<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 67.6pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="90" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >95<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 1in; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="96" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >2<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 1in; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="96" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >1<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 67.6pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="90" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >0<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 80.35pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="107" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >179<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 0.25in;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 27.8pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="bottom" width="37" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >21<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 1.25in; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="120" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >Punjab<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 67.6pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="90" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >40<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 67.6pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="90" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >31<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 1in; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="96" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >1540<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 1in; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="96" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >4<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 67.6pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="90" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >0<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 80.35pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="107" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >1615<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 0.25in;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 27.8pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="bottom" width="37" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >22<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 1.25in; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="120" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >Rajasthan<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 67.6pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="90" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >505<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 67.6pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="90" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >8<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 1in; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="96" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >87<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 1in; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="96" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >1<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 67.6pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="90" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >0<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 80.35pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="107" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >601<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 0.25in;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 27.8pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="bottom" width="37" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >23<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 1.25in; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="120" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >Sikkim<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 67.6pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="90" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >1<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 67.6pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="90" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >4<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 1in; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="96" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >0<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 1in; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="96" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >16<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 67.6pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="90" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >0<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 80.35pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="107" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >21<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 0.25in;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 27.8pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="bottom" width="37" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >24<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 1.25in; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="120" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >Tamil Nadu<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 67.6pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="90" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >366<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 67.6pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="90" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >399<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 1in; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="96" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >1<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 1in; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="96" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >1<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 67.6pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="90" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >0<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 80.35pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="107" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >767<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 0.25in;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 27.8pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="bottom" width="37" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >25<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 1.25in; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="120" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >Tripura<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 67.6pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="90" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >27<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 67.6pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="90" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >11<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 1in; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="96" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >0<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 1in; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="96" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >10<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 67.6pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="90" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >0<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 80.35pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="107" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >48<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 0.25in;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 27.8pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="bottom" width="37" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >26<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 1.25in; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="120" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >Uttar Pradesh<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 67.6pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="90" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >3245<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 67.6pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="90" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >22<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 1in; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="96" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >72<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 1in; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="96" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >32<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 67.6pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="90" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >0<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 80.35pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="107" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >3371<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 0.25in;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 27.8pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="bottom" width="37" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >27<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 1.25in; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="120" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >Uttaranchal <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 67.6pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="90" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >107<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 67.6pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="90" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >3<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 1in; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="96" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >22<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 1in; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="96" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >1<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 67.6pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="90" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >0<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 80.35pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="107" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >133<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 0.25in;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 27.8pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="bottom" width="37" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >28<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 1.25in; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="120" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >West Bengal<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 67.6pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="90" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >2136<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 67.6pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="90" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >54<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 1in; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="96" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >7<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 1in; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="96" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >26<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 67.6pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="90" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >0<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 80.35pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="107" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >2223<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 0.25in;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 27.8pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="bottom" width="37" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" > <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 1.25in; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="120" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >Union Territories <o:p></o:p></span></b></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 67.6pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="90" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"> <span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" ><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 67.6pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="90" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"> <span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" ><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 1in; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="96" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"> <span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" ><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 1in; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="96" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"> <span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" ><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 67.6pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="90" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"> <span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" ><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 80.35pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="107" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"> <span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" ><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 27.7pt;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 27.8pt; height: 27.7pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="bottom" width="37" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >29<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 1.25in; height: 27.7pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="120"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >Andaman and Nicobar Islands <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 67.6pt; height: 27.7pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="90" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >3<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 67.6pt; height: 27.7pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="90" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >8<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 1in; height: 27.7pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="96" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >0<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 1in; height: 27.7pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="96" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >0<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 67.6pt; height: 27.7pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="90" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >0<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 80.35pt; height: 27.7pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="107" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >11<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 0.25in;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 27.8pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="bottom" width="37" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >30<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 1.25in; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="120" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >Chandigarh<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 67.6pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="90" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >4<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 67.6pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="90" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >1<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 1in; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="96" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >15<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 1in; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="96" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >0<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 67.6pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="90" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >0<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 80.35pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="107" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >20<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 0.25in;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 27.8pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="bottom" width="37" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >31<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 1.25in; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="120" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >Dadra & Nagar Haveli<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 67.6pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="90" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >1<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 67.6pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="90" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >1<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 1in; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="96" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >0<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 1in; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="96" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >0<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 67.6pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="90" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >0<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 80.35pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="107" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >2<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 0.25in;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 27.8pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="bottom" width="37" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >32<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 1.25in; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="120" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >Daman & Diu<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 67.6pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="90" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >1<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 67.6pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="90" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >0<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 1in; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="96" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >0<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 1in; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="96" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >0<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 67.6pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="90" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >1<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 80.35pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="107" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >2<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 0.25in;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 27.8pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="bottom" width="37" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >33<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 1.25in; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="120" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >Delhi<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 67.6pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="90" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >171<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 67.6pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="90" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >14<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 1in; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="96" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >59<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 1in; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="96" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >3<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 67.6pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="90" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >0<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 80.35pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="107" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >247<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 0.25in;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 27.8pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="bottom" width="37" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >34<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 1.25in; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="120" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >Lakshadweep<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 67.6pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="90" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >6<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 67.6pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="90" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >0<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 1in; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="96" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >0<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 1in; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="96" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >0<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 67.6pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="90" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >0<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 80.35pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="107" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >6<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 0.25in;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 27.8pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="bottom" width="37" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >35<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 1.25in; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="120" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >Pondicherry<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 67.6pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="90" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >6<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 67.6pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="90" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >7<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 1in; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="96" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >0<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 1in; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="96" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >0<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 67.6pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="90" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >0<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 80.35pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="107" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >13<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 0.25in;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 27.8pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="bottom" width="37" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" > <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 1.25in; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="120" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >Total <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 67.6pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="90" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >14585<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 67.6pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="90" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >2540<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 1in; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="96" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >2028<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 1in; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="96" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >840<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 67.6pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="90" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >7<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0.8pt 0.8pt 0in; width: 80.35pt; height: 0.25in;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="bottom" width="107" nowrap="nowrap"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11;" >20000<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0in 1.8pt 0.0001pt 1in; text-align: right; text-indent: -1in;" align="right"><span style=""><br /><a href="http://minorityaffairs.gov.in/newsite/schemes/scholarships/scheme_details.htm#top">TOP</a></span> </p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0in 1.8pt 0.0001pt 1in; text-indent: -1in;"><a name="conditions"></a><u><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14;" >Conditions for Scholarship:</span></u></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0in 1.8pt 0.0001pt 1in; text-indent: -1in;"><u><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14;" ><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></u></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0in 1.8pt 0.0001pt 37.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -37.4pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14;" >i) </span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14;" >Financial assistance will be given to pursue degree and/or post graduate level technical and professional courses from a recognized institution. Maintenance allowance will be credited to the student’s account. The course fee will be paid by the State Department directly to the institute concerned. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0in 1.8pt 0.0001pt 37.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -37.4pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14;" > <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0in 1.8pt 0.0001pt 37.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -37.4pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14;" >ii) Students who get admission to a college to pursue technical/professional courses, on the basis of a competitive examination will be eligible for the scholarship. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0in 1.8pt 0.0001pt 37.4pt; text-align: justify;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14;" > <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0in 1.8pt 0.0001pt 37.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -37.4pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14;" >iii) Students who get admission in technical/professional courses without facing any competitive examination will also be eligible for scholarship. However, such students should have not less than 50% marks at higher secondary/graduation level. Selection of these students will be done strictly on merit basis.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0in 1.8pt 0.0001pt 37.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -37.4pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14;" > <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0in 1.8pt 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14;" >iv) Continuation of the scholarship in subsequent years will depend on successful completion of the course during the preceding year. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: 1.8pt; text-align: justify;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14;" > <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0in 1.8pt 0.0001pt 37.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -37.4pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14;" >v) A scholarship holder under this scheme will not avail any other scholarship/stipend for pursuing the course. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: 1.8pt; text-align: justify;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14;" > <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0in 1.8pt 0.0001pt 37.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -37.4pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14;" >vi) The annual income of the beneficiary/parent or guardian of beneficiary should not exceed Rs.2.50 lakh from all sources. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: 1.8pt; text-align: justify;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14;" > <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0in 1.8pt 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14;" >vii) The state department will advertise the scheme every year latest by 31<sup>st</sup> March and receive the application through the concerned institutions.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0in 1.8pt 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14;" > <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0in 1.8pt 0.0001pt 37.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -37.4pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14;" >viii) After scrutinizing the applications, the state department will prepare a consolidated budget for all eligible students and send an application in the prescribed pro-forma for release of fund from the Ministry of Minority Affairs for distribution of scholarship giving the details of each students viz. name, permanent address, telephone number, annual course fee, name & address of institute, whether hostler or day-scholar, etc. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0in 1.8pt 0.0001pt 37.4pt; text-align: justify;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14;" > <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0in 1.8pt 0.0001pt 37.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -37.4pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14;" >ix) The application for release of fund from the state department must be received in the Ministry by 30<sup>th</sup> of September every year. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: 1.8pt; text-align: justify;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14;" > <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0in 1.8pt 0.0001pt 37.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -37.4pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14;" >x) The state department will maintain separate bank account and records relating to the funds received from the Ministry and they will be subjected to inspection by the officers of the Ministry or any other agency designated by the Ministry.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: 1.8pt; text-align: justify;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14;" > <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0in 1.8pt 0.0001pt 37.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -37.4pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14;" >xi) The fund for distribution of scholarship in subsequent year will be released after receiving the utilization certificate for the previous year. Annual inspection by the officers of the Ministry or any other agencies designated by the Ministry will also be carried out. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0in 1.8pt 0.0001pt 37.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -37.4pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14;" > <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0in 1.8pt 0.0001pt 37.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -37.4pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14;" >xii) 30% scholarship will be reserved for girls of each minority community in a state which is transferable to male student of that community in case of non-availability of female candidate in that community in the concerned state. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: 1.8pt; text-align: justify;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14;" > <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0in 1.8pt 0.0001pt 37.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -37.4pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14;" >xiii) If the target for distribution of scholarship to a particular minority community in a state/UT is not fulfilled, it will be distributed among the same minority community of other States/UTs strictly in accordance with the merit.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: 1.8pt; text-align: justify;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14;" > <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0in 1.8pt 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14;" >xiv)<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"></span><span style="font-weight: normal;font-size:7;" > </span></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14;" >A student residing in a particular State/UT will be entitled for scholarship under the quota of that State/UT only irrespective of his place of study. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: 1.8pt; text-align: justify;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14;" > <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0in 1.8pt 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14;" >xv)<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"></span><span style="font-weight: normal;font-size:7;" > </span></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14;" >The number of scholarship has been fixed state-wise on the basis of minority population of the states/UTs. Within the state-wise allocations, the applications from reputed institutions will be exhausted first. The list of such institutions will be made available by the Ministry of Minority Affairs.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0in 1.8pt 0.0001pt 37.4pt; text-align: justify;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14;" > <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0in 1.8pt 0.0001pt 37.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -37.4pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14;" >xvi) The scheme will be evaluated at regular intervals and the cost of the evaluation will be borne by the Ministry of Minority Affairs under the provision of the scheme. An additional provision of 3% of the total budget will be made to meet the administrative and allied costs viz. expenditure on monitoring of the scheme, impact study, evaluation study, purchase of office equipments, engaging of contract employees, if necessary and other expenditure to run the cell etc. This will be shared between the Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India and the State Governments/UT Administration. <u><o:p></o:p></u></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0in 1.8pt 0.0001pt 37.4pt; text-align: right; text-indent: -1.4pt;" align="right"><a href="http://minorityaffairs.gov.in/newsite/schemes/scholarships/scheme_details.htm#top"><span style="">TOP</span></a> </p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0in 1.8pt 0.0001pt 1.4pt; text-indent: -1.4pt;"><a name="rate"></a><u><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14;" >Rate of Scholarship:<o:p></o:p></span></u></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14;" ><br />The rate of scholarship will be as under:</span> <span style=";font-family:";font-size:14;" ><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0in 1.8pt 0.0001pt 40.95pt; text-indent: 31.05pt;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14;" > <o:p></o:p></span></p> <table style="width: 374pt; margin-left: 42.8pt; border-collapse: collapse;" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="499"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border: 0.5pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.95pt;" valign="top" width="53"> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: -4.5pt;"><span style=";font-family:";" >Sl.No.</span><span style=";font-family:";" ><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: solid solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 147.05pt;color:-moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="196"> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: 1.8pt;"><span style=";font-family:";" >Type of Financial Assistance</span><span style=";font-family:";" ><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: solid solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.5pt;color:-moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="125"> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: 1.8pt;"><span style=";font-family:";" >Rate for hostler</span><span style=";font-family:";" ><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: solid solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.5pt;color:-moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="125"> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: 1.8pt;"><span style=";font-family:";" >Rate for Day Scholar</span><span style=";font-family:";" ><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.95pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="top" width="53"> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: 1.8pt;"><span style=";font-family:";" >1.<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 147.05pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="196"> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: 1.8pt;"><span style=";font-family:";" >Maintenance Allowance (For 10 months only)<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.5pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="125"> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: 1.8pt;"><span style=";font-family:";" >Rs.10,000/-per annum <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: 1.8pt;"><span style=";font-family:";" >( Rs.1000 p.m.)<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.5pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="125"> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: 1.8pt;"><span style=";font-family:";" >Rs.5,000/- per annum.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: 1.8pt;"><span style=";font-family:";" >( Rs.500 p.m.)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: 1.8pt;"><span style=";font-family:";" > <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: 1.8pt;"> <span style=";font-family:";" ><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.95pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="top" width="53"> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: 1.8pt;"><span style=";font-family:";" > 2.<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 147.05pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="196"> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: 1.8pt;"><span style=";font-family:";" >Course Fee* <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.5pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="125"> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: 1.8pt;"><span style=";font-family:";" >Rs.20,000/- per annum or Actual whichever is less<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.5pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="125"> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: 1.8pt;"><span style=";font-family:";" > Rs.20,000/- per annum or Actual whichever is less <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.95pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="top" width="53"> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: 1.8pt;"><span style=";font-family:";" >Total<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 147.05pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="196"> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: 1.8pt;"> <span style=";font-family:";" ><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.5pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="125"> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: 1.8pt;"><span style=";font-family:";" >Rs.30,000/-<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.5pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="125"> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: 1.8pt;"><span style=";font-family:";" >Rs.25,000/-<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style=";font-family:";" > <o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style=";font-family:";" >* Full course fee will be reimbursed for eligible institutions listed at Annexure-III <b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p> <h4 style="text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in;" align="left"><b><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12;" > <o:p></o:p></span></b></h4> <h4 style="text-align: right;" align="right"><a href="http://minorityaffairs.gov.in/newsite/schemes/scholarships/scheme_details.htm#top"><b><span style="font-size:12;">TOP</span></b></a> </h4> <h4 style="text-align: left;" align="left"><a name="payment"></a><b><u><span style=";font-family:";" >Payment:<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></h4> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style=";font-family:";" > <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14;" lang="TA">i)<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"></span><span lang="TA" style="font-size:7;"> </span></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14;" lang="TA">Maintenance allowance is payable from 1st April or from the month of admission, whichever is later, to the month in which the examinations are completed, (including maintenance allowance during holidays) maximum twice a year, provided that if the scholar secures admission after the 20th day of a month, the amount will be </span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14;" >paid </span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14;" lang="TA">from the month following the month of admission.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14;" lang="TA"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14;" lang="TA">ii)<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"></span><span lang="TA" style="font-size:7;"> </span></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14;" lang="TA">In case of renewal of scholarships awarded in the previous years, maintenance allowance will be paid from the month following the month upto which scholarship was paid in the previous year, if the course of study is continuous. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="TA"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14;" lang="TA">iii)<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"></span><span lang="TA" style="font-size:7;"> </span></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14;" lang="TA">The Government of the State/Union Territory Administration, to which they belong, in accordance with the procedure laid down by them in this regard, will pay the scholarship money to the selected students. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14;" lang="TA"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in; line-height: normal;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14;" lang="TA">iv)<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"></span><span lang="TA" style="font-size:7;"> </span></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14;" lang="TA">Scholarship will not be paid for the period of internship/housemanship in the M.B.B.S. course or for a practical training in other course if the student is in receipt of some remuneration during the internship period or some allowance/stipend during the practical training in other course.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;" align="right"><a href="http://minorityaffairs.gov.in/newsite/schemes/scholarships/scheme_details.htm#top"><b>TOP</b></a> <span style=";font-family:";font-size:14;" > <span lang="TA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <h4 style="text-align: left;" align="left"><a name="otherconditions"></a><b><u><span style=";font-family:";" lang="TA">Other Conditions for the Award:</span></u></b><b><u><span style=";font-family:";" ><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></h4> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.25in;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14;" > <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in; line-height: normal;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14;" >i)<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"></span><span style="font-size:7;"> </span></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14;" >The scholarship is dependent on the satisfactory progress and conduct of the scholar. If it is reported by the Head of the Institution at any time that a scholar has by reasons of his/her own act of default failed to make satisfactory progress or has been guilty of misconduct such as resorting to or participating in strikes, irregularity in attendance without the permission of the authorities concerned etc., the authority sanctioning the scholarship may either cancel the scholarship or stop or withhold further payment for such period as it may think fit. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in; line-height: normal;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14;" >ii)<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"></span><span style="font-size:7;"> </span></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14;" >If a student is found to have obtained a scholarship by false statement, his/her scholarship will be cancelled forthwith and the amount of the scholarship paid will be recovered, at the discretion of the concerned State Government. The student concerned will be blacklisted and debarred for scholarship in any scheme forever. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in; line-height: normal;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14;" >iii)<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"></span><span style="font-size:7;"> </span></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14;" >A scholarship awarded may be cancelled if the scholar changes the subject of the course of study for which the scholarship was originally awarded or changes the Institution of study, without prior approval of the State Government. The Head of the Institution shall report such cases to them and stop payment of the scholarship money. The amount already paid may also be recovered at the discretion of the State Government.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in; line-height: normal;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14;" >iv)<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"></span><span style="font-size:7;"> </span></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14;" >A scholar is liable to refund the scholarship amount at the discretion of the State Government, if during the course of the year, the studies for which the scholarship has been awarded, is discontinued by him/her.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in; line-height: normal;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14;" >v)<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"></span><span style="font-size:7;"> </span></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14;" >The regulations can be changed at anytime at the discretion of the Government of India.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;" align="right"><a href="http://minorityaffairs.gov.in/newsite/schemes/scholarships/scheme_details.htm#top"><b>TOP</b></a> </p> <p class="MsoBodyText2" style="line-height: normal;"><a name="procedure"></a><b><u><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14;" >Procedure for Applying<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></p> <p class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in; line-height: normal;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14;" >i)<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"></span><span style="font-size:7;"> </span></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14;" >An application for scholarship should comprise:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 117pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: normal;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14;" >a)<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"></span><span style="font-size:7;"> </span></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14;" >One copy of the application for scholarship in the prescribed form (separate application forms prescribed for ‘fresh’ and renewal of scholarship by the concerned States/UTs).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 117pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: normal;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14;" >b)<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"></span><span style="font-size:7;"> </span></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14;" >One copy of the passport size photograph with signatures of the student thereon (for fresh scholarship).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 117pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: normal;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14;" >c)<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"></span><span style="font-size:7;"> </span></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14;" >One attested copy of certificates, diploma, degree etc. in respect of all examinations passed. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 117pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: normal;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14;" >d)<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"></span><span style="font-size:7;"> </span></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14;" >An income declaration by the self-employed parents/guardians, stating definite income from all sources by way of an affidavit on non-judicial stamp paper. Employed parents/guardians are required to obtain income certificate from their employer and for any additional income from other sources, they would furnish declaration by way of an affidavit on non-judicial stamp paper.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 117pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: normal;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14;" >e)<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"></span><span style="font-size:7;"> </span></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14;" >Proof of permanent residence.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 117pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: normal;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14;" >f)<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"></span><span style="font-size:7;"> </span></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14;" >A receipt in acknowledgement of the scholarship in the previous year on the form attached to the application duly counter-signed by the Head of the Institution concerned, if the application was in receipt of a scholarship under this scheme in the preceding year.</span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12;" > </span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14;" ><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 117pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: normal;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14;" >g)<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"></span><span style="font-size:7;"> </span></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14;" >The State department should satisfy itself that the student belongs to a particular minority community.</span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 117pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: normal;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14;" ><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in; line-height: normal;"><b><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14;" >ii)<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"></span></span></b><span style="font-size:7;"> </span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14;" >Application complete in all respects shall be submitted to the Head of the Institution, being attended or last attended by the candidates and shall be addressed to an officer specified for this purpose by the Government of State/ Union Territory to which the student belongs, in accordance with the instructions issued by them from time to time.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;" align="right"><a href="http://minorityaffairs.gov.in/newsite/schemes/scholarships/scheme_details.htm#top"><b>TOP</b></a></p> <p class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in; line-height: normal;"><b><u><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14;" ><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></p> <p class="MsoBodyText2" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><a name="funding"></a><b><u><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14;" >Funding Pattern of the Scheme:<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></p> <p class="MsoBodyText2" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:14;" ><br />The Scheme will be implemented by the State Governments and Union Territory Administrations, which receive 100% central assistance from Government of India for the total expenditure under the scheme<b>.</b></span></p>Sumedhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11533458660230230361noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1189550843890972872.post-18140439989777557682008-11-19T06:38:00.001-08:002008-12-23T04:04:13.460-08:00What is a URL?<pre><br /><br /> URL stands for "Uniform Resource Locator". It is a draft standard for<br /> specifying an object on the Internet, such as a file or newsgroup.<br /> <br /> URLs look like this: (file: and ftp: URLs are synonymous.)<br /> * file://wuarchive.wustl.edu/mirrors/msdos/graphics/gifkit.zip<br /> * ftp://wuarchive.wustl.edu/mirrors<br /> * http://info.cern.ch:80/default.html<br /> * news:alt.hypertext<br /> * telnet://dra.com<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> The first part of the URL, before the colon, specifies the access<br /> method. The part of the URL after the colon is interpreted specific to<br /> the access method. In general, two slashes after the colon indicate a<br /> machine name (machine:port is also valid).<br /> <br /> When you are told to "check out this URL", what to do next depends on<br /> your browser; please check the help for your particular browser. For<br /> the line-mode browser at CERN, which you will quite possibly use first<br /> via telnet, the command to try a URL is "GO URL" (substitute the<br /> actual URL of course). In Lynx you just select the "GO" link on the<br /> first page you see; in graphical browsers, there's usually an "Open<br /> URL" option in the menus.<br /></pre>Sumedhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11533458660230230361noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1189550843890972872.post-22533917006213736532008-11-19T06:37:00.001-08:002008-12-23T04:04:13.460-08:00What are WWW, hypertext and hypermedia?<pre><br /><br /> WWW stands for "World Wide Web". The WWW project, started by CERN (the<br /> European Laboratory for Particle Physics), seeks to build a<br /> distributed hypermedia system.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> The advantage of hypertext is that in a hypertext document, if you<br /> want more information about a particular subject mentioned, you can<br /> usually "just click on it" to read further detail. In fact, documents<br /> can be and often are linked to other documents by completely different<br /> authors -- much like footnoting, but you can get the referenced<br /> document instantly!<br /> <br /> To access the web, you run a browser program. The browser reads<br /> documents, and can fetch documents from other sources. Information<br /> providers set up hypermedia servers which browsers can get documents<br /> from.<br /> <br /> The browsers can, in addition, access files by FTP, NNTP (the Internet<br /> news protocol), gopher and an ever-increasing range of other methods.<br /> On top of these, if the server has search capabilities, the browsers<br /> will permit searches of documents and databases.<br /> <br /> The documents that the browsers display are hypertext documents.<br /> Hypertext is text with pointers to other text. The browsers let you<br /> deal with the pointers in a transparent way -- select the pointer, and<br /> you are presented with the text that is pointed to.<br /> <br /> Hypermedia is a superset of hypertext -- it is any medium with<br /> pointers to other media. This means that browsers might not display a<br /> text file, but might display images or sound or animations.<br /></pre>Sumedhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11533458660230230361noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1189550843890972872.post-41501252995278583892008-11-19T04:26:00.000-08:002008-12-23T04:04:13.460-08:00PASCAL FAQ's1.1: HOW DO I READ COMMAND LINE PARAMETERS?<br /><br /> The standard function ParamCount: word will return the number of<br /> command line parameters, while function ParamStr(N: word): string will<br /> return the N-th parameter. (Under DOS 3.0 or greater, the 0-th<br /> parameter (ie, ParamStr(0)) is the path and file name of the current<br /> program.) Thus,<br /><br /> function CommandLine: string;<br /> var<br /> Idx: word;<br /> Result: string;<br /> begin<br /> Result := '';<br /> for Idx := 1 to ParamCount do<br /> begin<br /> if Idx > 1 then Result := Result + ' ';<br /> Result := Result + ParamStr(Idx);<br /> end;<br /> CommandLine := Result;<br /> end;<br /><br /> will return the whole command line, with any embedded whitespace<br /> (spaces or tabs) converted to single spaces. If you care about the<br /> amount or type of whitespace, or you want commas, semicolons, and<br /> equal signs to count as parameter separators (as per ancient versions<br /> of DOS manuals), see the next question:<br /><br /> 1.2: HOW DO I READ THE WHOLE COMMAND LINE?<br /><br /> ParamCount and ParamStr are for parsed parts of the command line and<br /> cannot be used to get the command line exactly as it was. If you try<br /> to capture<br /><br /> "Hello. I'm here"<br /><br /> you'll end up with a false number of blanks. For obtaining the command<br /> line unaltered use<br /><br /> type CommandLines = string[127];<br /><br /> function CommandLine: CommandLines;<br /> type<br /> CommandLinePtr = ^CommandLines;<br /> begin<br /> CommandLine := CommandLinePtr( Ptr(PrefixSeg, $80) )^;<br /> end;<br /><br /> A warning. If you want to get this correct (the same goes for TP's own<br /> ParamStr and ParamCount) apply them early in your program, before any<br /> disk I/O takes place.<br /><br /> For the contents of the Program Segment Prefix (PSP) see a DOS<br /> Technical Reference Manual (available on the Microsoft DevNet CD) or<br /> Tischer, Michael (1992), PC Intern System Programming, p. 753.<br /><br /> - Based on [ts]'s Turbo Pascal FAQ<br /> _________________________________________________________________<br /><br />Logarithms, Trigonometry, and Other Numerical Calculations<br /><br /> I often find it convenient to define floating-point functions in terms<br /> of a type float = {$ifopt N+} double {$else} real {$endif}, rather<br /> than either explicitly using real or double. This way, the same<br /> function will automatically use the 'best' argument and result type<br /> for either the N+ (80x87) or N- state, without any changes and without<br /> obscuring its logic with lots of {$ifdef}s.<br /><br /> 2.1: HOW DO I CALCULATE X^Y (X**Y)?<br /><br /> Pascals do not have an inbuilt power function. You have to write one<br /> yourself. The common, but non-general method is defining<br /><br /> function POWERFN(number, exponent: float): float;<br /> begin<br /> PowerFn := Exp(Exponent*Ln(Number));<br /> end;<br /><br /> To make it general use:<br /><br /> (* Generalized power function by [ts] *)<br /> { Some modifications by jds }<br /> function GenPowFn(Number, Exponent: float): float;<br /> begin<br /> if (Exponent = 0.0)<br /> then GenPowFn := 1.0<br /> else if Number = 0.0<br /> then GenPowFn := 0.0<br /> else if Abs(Exponent*Ln(Abs(Number))) > 87.498<br /> then RunError(205) {Floating point overflow}<br /> else if Number > 0.0<br /> then GenPowFn := Exp(Exponent*Ln(Number))<br /> else if (Number < 0.0) and (Frac(Exponent) = 0.0)<br /> then if Odd(Round(Exponent))<br /> then GenPowFn := -GenPowFn(-Number, Exponent)<br /> else GenPowFn := GenPowFn(-Number, Exponent)<br /> else RunError(207); {Invalid float-op}<br /> end; (* genpowfn *)<br /><br /><br /><br /> On the lighter side of things, here's an extract from an answer of<br /> mine [TS] in the comp.lang.pascal UseNet newsgroup:<br /><br /> > anyone point out why X**Y is not allowed in Turbo Pascal?<br /> The situation in TP is a left-over from standard Pascal. You'll<br /> recall that Pascal was originally devised for teaching<br /> programming, not for something as silly and frivolous as<br /> actually writing programs. :-)<br /><br /><br /><br /> The above is a lightly-edited version of the answer from [ts]'s Turbo<br /> Pascal FAQ. For the common special-case where you're raising a<br /> floating point number to an integral power (eg, X^7 or Y^3), you can<br /> use this fast code:<br /><br /> function RealPower(Base: Float; Power: word): Float;<br /> begin<br /> if Odd(Power)<br /> then if Power = 1<br /> then RealPower := Base<br /> else RealPower := Base * RealPower(Base, Power - 1)<br /> else if Power = 0<br /> then RealPower := 1<br /> else RealPower := Sqr(RealPower(Base, Power shr 1));<br /> end;<br /><br /><br /><br /> 2.2: HOW DO I TAKE 'UN-NATURAL' LOGARITHMS?<br /><br /> Just define<br /><br /> function Log(X, Base: float): float;<br /> begin<br /> Log := Ln(X) / Ln(Base);<br /> end;<br /><br /> This result is based on some elementary math. By definition y = log(x)<br /> in base B is equivalent to x = B^y (where the ^ indicates an<br /> exponent). Thus ln(x) = y ln(B) and hence y = ln(x) / ln(B).<br /><br /> - A lightly-edited version of the answer from [ts]'s Turbo Pascal FAQ<br /><br /> 2.3: WHY DO THE TRIG FUNCTIONS LIKE SIN() AND COS() GIVE THE WRONG ANSWERS?<br /><br /> While most people express angles in degrees, the trig functions expect<br /> their arguments to be in radians. For historical reasons, a complete<br /> rotation is 360 degrees; for more cosmological reasons, the same<br /> complete rotation is 2 * Pi radians (the circumference of a circle<br /> with a radius of 1). Thus, to convert degrees to radians, just divide<br /> by 180 / Pi.<br /><br /> 2.4: HOW DO I CALCULATE ARCSIN() OR ARCCOS()?<br /><br /> Borland Pascal does not have ArcSin or ArcCos functions. It does have<br /> an ArcTan function, and the online help for that function gives the<br /> following conversion formulae:<br /><br /> ArcSin(x) = ArcTan (x/sqrt (1-sqr (x)))<br /> ArcCos(x) = ArcTan (sqrt (1-sqr (x)) /x)<br /><br /><br /><br /> Dr. John Stockton, jrs@merlin.dclf.npl.co.uk, points out that ArcTan<br /> will always return a value between -Pi / 2 and Pi / 2. Also, there are<br /> two angles in the range from 0 to 2 pi for any given sine or cosine<br /> value, even though the formulae above will only give you one of them.<br /><br /> 2.5: CAN I TRAP (AND RECOVER FROM) FLOATING POINT OVERFLOW ERRORS?<br /><br /> Duncan Murdoch [dm] writes:<br /><br /> Because the floating point processor operates in parallel to the<br /> integer processor, this is generally quite tricky. The best approach<br /> is not to trap the errors, but just to mask them, and at the end of<br /> a calculation check whether they have occurred by examining the<br /> coprocessor status word.<br /><br /> Be aware that Borland's string-conversion routines (used in Str,<br /> Write and Writeln) clear the FPU's status word. If you do any I/O of<br /> floating point values in between status checks, you may miss seeing<br /> signs of errors.<br /><br /> I would add that it's probably best to leave the floating point<br /> overflow exception on (unmasked) in the vast majority of your code,<br /> and that you should only mask it off around the few calculations where<br /> you expect and can handle a possible overflow. That is, a runtime<br /> error is probably better than allowing the program to continue with<br /> unnoticed math errors!<br /><br /> The following demo code may be helpful:<br /><br /> function Get87CtrlWord: word; assembler;<br /> var<br /> CtrlWord: word;<br /> asm<br /> fstcw [CtrlWord]<br /> mov ax,[CtrlWord]<br /> end;<br /><br /> procedure Set87CtrlWord(NewCtrlWord: word); assembler;<br /> asm<br /> fldcw [NewCtrlWord]<br /> end;<br /><br /> function Get87StatusWord: word; assembler;<br /> var<br /> StatusWord: word;<br /> asm<br /> fstsw [StatusWord]<br /> mov ax,[StatusWord]<br /> end;<br /><br /> const<br /> InvalidOp = $01;<br /> DenormalOp = $02;<br /> ZeroDivide = $04;<br /> Overflow = $08;<br /> Underflow = $10;<br /> Precision = $20;<br /><br /> var<br /> Ctrl, Status: word;<br /> X, Y: double;<br /><br /> begin<br /> Ctrl := Get87CtrlWord;<br /> Set87CtrlWord(Ctrl or Overflow); {Setting a bit masks the exception}<br /> X := 1e308; Y := X * X;<br /> Status := Get87StatusWord;<br /> Set87CtrlWord(Ctrl);<br /> if (Status and Overflow) 0 {A set bit indicates an exception}<br /> then WriteLn('Overflow flag set')<br /> else WriteLn('Overflow flag clear');<br /> end.<br /><br /> [dm] adds<br /><br /> const<br /> StackFault = $40;<br /> StackOverflow = $200;<br /><br /> These bits are supported in the 387 and up; together they indicate a<br /> stack overflow (both set) or stack underflow (just StackFault).<br /><br /> 2.6: WHY DO I ALWAYS GET THE SAME RANDOM NUMBERS EVERY TIME I RUN MY PROGRAM?<br /><br /> Software random number generators apply a function to a RandSeed which<br /> cycles the seed through its possible values in a quasi-random way.<br /> Each call to the random number generator does one iteration of the<br /> function, and returns a result based on the new seed value.<br /><br /> When your program loads, this seed will have some default value<br /> (probably 0). If you do not change the seed, a series of calls to the<br /> random number generator will yield the same series of "random" numbers<br /> every time your program is run. (Obviously, this will make it easier<br /> to track down the bugs!) Typically, the system clock is used to<br /> provide a value for the random number seed: Even if a given task is<br /> always run at the same time of day, a difference of a few milliseconds<br /> is enough to put a good random number generator in an entirely<br /> different part of its sequence.<br /><br /> In Borland Pascal, the command to randomize the seed is (surprise!)<br /> Randomize; in Think Pascal for the Mac, the equivalent command is<br /> QwertyUiop. Note that you should only call this routine once per<br /> program, when it first loads, or at the very least at times separated<br /> by minutes or hours - calling it on every timer tick (say) will just<br /> reset the 'random' sequence several times a second!<br /> _________________________________________________________________<br /><br />Strings and Numbers<br /><br /> 3.1: HOW DO I CONVERT A STRING TO A NUMBER?<br /><br /> In Turbo/Borland Pascal, you can use the standard Val() procedure. The<br /> first argument is a string, and the second argument is a numeric<br /> variable which will be set to the numeric value represented by the<br /> string. The result variable can be any of the numeric types - from<br /> byte or ShortInt to comp or extended - the compiler will automagically<br /> pass the variable's type to the Val() procedure.<br /><br /> Val() is a procedure, not a function, which means that it does not<br /> return any sort of error code to indicate that it couldn't set the<br /> result variable because eg the string was 'Four score and seven' not<br /> '87', or because the string was '3.14159' and the result variable was<br /> a word, or even because '12261958' is too big for a word variable.<br /> Obviously, you do want to be able to find out whether Val() was able<br /> to decode the string. This is where the third parameter - an integer<br /> (or word) variable which will receive a result code - comes in. If the<br /> result code is 0, then the string represents a number which could be<br /> (and was) placed in the result variable; a nonzero result code means<br /> that the string does not represent a compatible number: the result<br /> variable has not been changed, and the error code is the index of the<br /> first illegal character in the string.<br /><br /> Note that Val() and ReadLn() can handle hexadecimal numbers, using the<br /> $1234 format.<br /><br /> 3.2: HOW DO I CONVERT A NUMBER TO A STRING?<br /><br /> In Turbo/Borland Pascal, you can use the standard Str() procedure. The<br /> first argument is a number, and the second is a string variable which<br /> will be set to the formatted value. Just as with Write() and<br /> WriteLn(), the number may (but does not have to) be followed by a<br /> colon and a width specifier and (for float point numbers) a second<br /> colon and a number of digits after the decimal point.<br /><br /> Str() is a procedure, not a function, which makes it a lot harder to<br /> use than, say, WriteLn(). Obviously, it's pretty trivial to put a<br /> 'wrapper' around it so that you can write string expressions like<br /> Fmt(Month,2) + DateSep + Fmt(Day,2) + DateSep + Fmt(Year,2):<br /><br /> type NString = string[20];<br /><br /> function Fmt(N: LongInt; Width: word): NString;<br /> var Result: NString;<br /> begin<br /> Str(N: Width, Result); {A width of 0 is the same as no width at all}<br /> Fmt := Result;<br /> end;<br /><br /><br /><br /> While Val() can read hex strings, there's no way to force Str() to<br /> produce a hex string. For that, you can use<br /><br /> type HexString = string[8];<br /><br /> function HexFmt(Int: LongInt; Width: integer): _HexFmtResult_;<br /> const Hex: array[0..$000F] of char = '0123456789ABCDEF';<br /> begin<br /> if (Width <= 1) and (Int and $FFFFFFF0 = 0)<br /> then HexFmt := Hex[Int]<br /> else HexFmt := HexFmt(Int shr 4, Width-1) + Hex[Int and $000F];<br /> end;<br /><br /><br /> _________________________________________________________________<br /><br />Breaking The 64K Limit<br /><br /><br /><br /> 4.1: I HAVE 64K OF GLOBAL DATA AND CAN'T ADD ANYMORE - WHAT DO I DO?<br /><br /> What you have to do is to find the largest data structures. A good<br /> way to do this is to look at a .map file with the addresses of<br /> "public" names, and look for large jumps between names. Often, a big<br /> jump flags a big variable. However, the .map file will not show any<br /> variables that are private to a unit, so a big jump may just indicate<br /> a lot of private variables within a unit. In that case, you'll have to<br /> look at the unit's source code to see what's taking up so much space.<br /><br /> When you find your largest data structures, look at how they're used.<br /> (The cross-reference tool in the BP7 IDE is an excellent way to do<br /> this.) If they're only used in a single function or procedure, you can<br /> move them into that procedure's local variables section, which will<br /> get them out of the global data segment and onto the stack.<br /><br /> Of course, this may now cause the stack to be too big. If so, or if<br /> the data are used in more than one place, you'll have to move the data<br /> structure onto the heap. To do this, you'll have to do three things:<br /> 1. Replace a declaration like<br />var BigVar: BigType;<br /> with<br />var SmallVar: ^BigType;<br /> 2. Change all references to BigVar to SmallVar^. Because BP is so<br /> fast, it's usually quite practical to just keep compiling until<br /> you get no more 'BigVar unknown' or 'need a ^' errors.<br /> 3. Somewhere in your program initialization, before you ever execute<br /> any code that refers to SmallVar^, do a New(SmallVar); to allocate<br /> space on the heap.<br /><br /> It's a good idea to get in the habit of using Dispose() whenever<br /> you no longer need the space you've allocated, but it's not<br /> strictly necessary, here: neither DOS nor Windows will 'lose' any<br /> memory that you allocate but don't free when your program<br /> terminates.<br /><br /><br /><br /> One thing to keep in mind is that reading or writing (dereferencing) a<br /> pointer is slower than reading or writing a global or local variable,<br /> especially in protected mode. Generally, you shouldn't worry about<br /> this sort of thing except in bottleneck code but, where efficiency<br /> does matter, you should definitely replace a series of dereferences<br /> of the same pointer with a single with statement. (BP7 is<br /> significantly better at "peephole" optimization than its predecessors,<br /> but even in BP7 there are cases where a with PtrVar^ statement<br /> produces better code than the equivalent series of 'raw' pointer<br /> statements. Certainly replacing multiple instances of Row[Idx]^ or<br /> even RecordPtr^.RecordField with a single with will result in smaller<br /> and faster code.)<br /><br /> Finally, a word of admonition: You should use global data very<br /> sparingly. If you are pushing the 64K limit, and it's not all in a<br /> handful of large buffers, you're almost certainly using too many<br /> global variables. Obviously, global variables that are only used in<br /> one place waste space; less obviously, using global variables tends to<br /> produce bugs. A seemingly innocuous change to a variable here can have<br /> effects way over there. You can fight this sort of potentially<br /> crippling interdepence by explicitly passing parameters to a function,<br /> and explicitly returning results. It can be impossible to totally<br /> avoid writing code that has side-effects, but such code should be<br /> avoided as much as possible -- and always documented.<br /><br /> 4.2: CAN I HAVE MORE THAN 64K OF GLOBAL DATA IN MY WINDOWS PROGRAM?<br /><br /> Yes and no. Your .exe module can only have a single 64K<br /> data-and-stack segment, but each .dll has its own, up-to-64K data<br /> segment. Thus, if you run out of room in your global data segment, you<br /> can move some units and their global data into a DLL.<br /><br /> There are two things to keep in mind if you do this:<br /> 1. A call to a DLL is more expensive than a call within an EXE. Each<br /> call into a DLL swaps data segments on the way in and on the way<br /> out.<br /> 2. If a user is running two or more copies of your program at the<br /> same time, each copy shares the code, but has its own copy of the<br /> .exe's global data. However, there will only be one copy of the<br /> .dll's global data, no matter how many copies of your application<br /> (or how many different applications) are using it.<br /><br /> That is, any global variables in your .exe are a task resource;<br /> any global variables in a .dll are a system resource.<br /><br /><br /><br /> 4.3: HOW CAN I BUILD AN ARRAY BIGGER THAN 64K?<br /><br /> Break the array into two (types of) pieces: an array of row ptrs, and<br /> a set of rows on the heap. That is, replace<br /><br /> type BigArrayType = array[0..Rows, 0..Cols] of DataType;<br /> var BigArray: BigArrayType;<br /><br /> with<br /><br /> type BigArrayRow = array[0..Cols] of DataType;<br /> BigArrayType = array[0..Rows] of ^ BigArrayRow;<br /><br /> var BigArray: BigArrayType<br /><br /> and replace any references to BigArray[Row, Col] with references to<br /> BigArray[Row]^[Col]. (As per the answer to 4.1, don't forget to<br /> allocate memory for each row!)<br /><br /> If performance isn't a major issue, you might well want to<br /> encapsulate the array behavior in an object. That is, instead<br /> of replacing BigArray[Row, Col] with BigArray[Row]^[Col], you<br /> would replace it with calls to BigArray.Get(Row, Col) or<br /> BigArray.Set(Row, Col, NewVal). While this is a bit slower than<br /> direct array references, the object (compiled) code is smaller<br /> and the source code is both easier to read and easier to<br /> change. If you need to add virtual memory (swapping to and from<br /> disk, EMS, or XMS) or to move your code to a 32-bit compiler,<br /> you would only have to change the object definitions, not every<br /> reference to your big array.<br /><br /> (One way to maintain both modifiability and good performance is<br /> to replace the array of row pointers with a function that<br /> returns a row pointer. Since you only need to call this once,<br /> no matter how many operations you're doing on the row, using<br /> your huge array might not be much slower than a normal array.<br /> Since the function can do anything from simply looking up a<br /> pointer in an array to swapping out the Least Recently Used row<br /> and swapping in the one you need, you maintain flexibility.)<br /><br /><br /><br /> If the array has a lot of rows, and the rows are not some multiple of<br /> 8 (or 16 bytes) long, you might end up wasting a lot of space at the<br /> end of each row. If so, and if you're just barely running out of room,<br /> you might want to New() a "multi-row" type, that consists of an array<br /> of 8 (or 16) individual rows. This will eliminate the wasted pad<br /> bytes, and will only complicate your setup and teardown code: since<br /> the row pointer array will still point to the start of each individual<br /> row, access to any individual array element will be no different than<br /> if each row is its own heap block.<br /><br /> Of course, decomposing an array in this way only works if the array<br /> has two (or more) dimensions. See the next question if you have to<br /> deal with a one-dimensional data stream that's larger than 64K.<br /><br /> 4.4: HOW DO I HANDLE .BMP AND/OR .WAV FILES WITH MORE THAN 64K OF DATA?<br /><br /> There are two issues here: allocating a single heap block that's<br /> bigger than 64K, and accessing it. Both are significantly different in<br /> real mode than in protected mode.<br /><br /> Real mode:<br /> In real mode, the primary issue is allocating the space: BP's<br /> heap manager won't let you allocate blocks bigger than 63 and a<br /> bit K-bytes. One approach is to simply rely on the current<br /> implementation's behavior and break your large heap request<br /> into multiple subrequests. If previous allocation and<br /> deallocation hasn't left the heap fragmented, back-to-back<br /> allocations will all be contiguous: The last byte of one will<br /> be just below the first byte of the next. This behavior is not<br /> guaranteed by Borland, though, and may change in future<br /> releases; similarly, if the heap is fragmented, back-to-back<br /> allocations will probably not be contiguous. A better approach<br /> is to restrict the size of the heap, and to use DOS services to<br /> allocate memory outside of your .exe's memory map.<br /><br /> However you allocate it, you will still have to access it. In<br /> real mode, this is simply a matter of understanding that the<br /> segment part of a pointer is multiplied by 16 and added to the<br /> offset part to obtain a linear address within the first meg of<br /> memory. You can thus use a function like<br /><br /><br /> function RealPtrTo(Base: pointer; Offset: LongInt): pointer;<br /> {Note: This function has NOT been pulled from existing code<br /> and has NOT been tested. JDS, 30 September 1994}<br /> var Normal: record Segment, Offset: word; end;<br /> begin<br /> Normal.Segment := Seg(Base^) + Ofs(Base^) shr 4;<br /> Normal.Offset := Ofs(Base^) and $000F;<br /> {Normalise the Base pointer}<br /> Inc(Offset, Normal.Offset); {# bytes from start of Base seg}<br /> RealPtrTo := Ptr(Normal.Segment + Offset shr 4,<br /> Normal.Offset + Offset and $0000000F);<br /> end;<br /><br /> to generate a pointer to any byte within your huge data structure.<br /> This pointer can then be used just as you use any other 16-bit<br /> pointer, to address an up-to-64K window within your huge data.<br /><br /> Protected mode:<br /> In protected mode, allocation is easy, and access is hard. Just<br /> use GlobalAlloc() or GlobalAllocPtr() to allocate however much<br /> space you need. (Well, if your program is running in Windows<br /> standard mode, this had better be less than or equal to one<br /> meg.)<br /><br /> Once you've allocated it, life continues to be easy - if you're<br /> using 386 Enhanced Mode and a 32-bit compiler or assembler. The<br /> selector you get from GlobalAllocPtr can be used with any<br /> 32-bit offset within the declared size of the heap block. If<br /> you're using Standard Mode, or 16-bit compilers like TPW or<br /> BP7, though, you'll have to work a bit.<br /><br /> To start with, you can't do segment arithmetic: segments have<br /> been replaced with selectors, which are essentially indices<br /> into a system-global table of allocated segments. Doing<br /> arithmetic with selectors will either result in value that<br /> points to the wrong selector or (more likely) produce an<br /> invalid selector. In either case, using the resulting pointer<br /> will probably produce a General Protection Fault.<br /><br /> This is a complicated subject that I've already covered<br /> elsewhere (see http://www.armory.com/~jon/pubs/huge-model.html<br /> for my PC Techniques article on huge model programming): All<br /> I'll say here is that<br /><br /> 1. You have to use SelectorInc to 'step' the selector from one<br /> 64K window to the next, and<br /> 2. You can't make a single reference that starts in one 64K<br /> window and ends in the next.<br /><br /><br /> _________________________________________________________________<br /><br />Procedural Types<br /><br /> 5.1: CAN I MAKE AN INDIRECT CALL TO AN OBJECT'S METHOD, USING A POINTER OR A<br /> PROCEDURAL TYPE?<br /><br /> Yes, but you'll need to make aggressive use of casting, and to have<br /> a bit of background on just what a method call is. While method<br /> calls look and act very differently than normal calls -- the call<br /> looks like a reference to one of the object's fields, and there's<br /> the implicit with Self do that lets us refer to the object's fields<br /> as if they were global variables -- at the level of words on the<br /> stack they're not all that different from a normal procedure or<br /> function call. All methods have an `invisible', or implicit,<br /> parameter, var Self, after any regular, or explicit, parameters;<br /> constructors and destructors also add an implicit word parameter<br /> (the 16-bit VMT pointer) between the explicit parameters and Self.<br /> Also, while constructors act as if they return a boolean, they<br /> actually return a pointer which contains @ Self if Fail was not<br /> called, and Nil if it was.<br /><br /> The implicit parameters and the special handling of constructor<br /> results are the only differences between method calls and normal<br /> calls: there's no magic involved. If we simply define a procedural<br /> type, ProcType, that explicitly declares the method's implicit<br /> parameters after any normal parameters, we can then use ProcType to<br /> cast any pointer variable to a procedural variable. Once it's cast,<br /> the pointer acts just like a normal procedural variable; we can<br /> assign it to another procedural variable or use it to call a<br /> procedure. Just as with a normal procedural type, the only<br /> difference between a direct and indirect call lies in the way we<br /> make the call: The parameters are pushed and popped in the same way;<br /> the called code operates just the same; and indirectly called<br /> methods have the same full access to their object's fields (through<br /> the Self pointer) as directly called methods do.<br /><br /> Thus, if we have a method with no arguments and no results, we would<br /> simply make the declaration type Niladic = procedure (var Self);. To<br /> use it, we remember that we can only cast pointer variables, not<br /> pointer expressions, and so do something like PtrVar := @<br /> ObjectType.Method; Niladic(PtrVar)(Self); Now, while there is<br /> something strange looking about a cast (in parentheses) followed by<br /> an argument list (in parentheses), indirect method calls are<br /> typically rare and concentrated in a few key routines, even in<br /> programs that rely heavily on them. (My typical uses for indirect<br /> method calls involve things like executing a list of object/method<br /> pairs on every timer tick, or calling a window object's message<br /> handler after DMT lookup reveals that it does have a handler.)<br /> What's more, the strange look of an indirect method call does not<br /> translate into strange object code: Using a cast to a procedural<br /> type generates the exact same code as using an normal procedural<br /> type, and that's both a little smaller and only slightly slower than<br /> a normal, direct procedure or function call.<br /><br /> Methods that require parameters or that return results are only<br /> slightly different than our Niladic example above. We simply have to<br /> remember to put any explicit parameters before the implicit<br /> parameter(s). Thus, we might use type SimplePredicate = function<br /> (var Self): boolean; for a method that takes no arguments and<br /> returns a boolean, and type UntypedDyadic = procedure (var A, B; var<br /> Self); for a method that requires two untyped memory references.<br /><br /> Just as with a normal procedure call, the compiler will not let us<br /> make an indirect method call with the wrong number or type of<br /> arguments. This is obviously desirable behavior, but it's tempered<br /> with a bit of a caveat: When we make a cast, we are effectively<br /> telling the compiler that we know exactly what we are doing. If we<br /> accidentally use a pointer to a UntypedDyadic method as a Niladic,<br /> the compiler will neither require nor accept the two var parameters<br /> to the UntypedDyadic method but the procedure will probably use them<br /> and the result will not be pretty! Similarly, the compiler will not<br /> complain if you cast a data pointer or the address of a near routine<br /> into a procedural type: it will blithely generate code that will (at<br /> best!) crash your computer.<br /><br /> This answer is based on my [jds] article Three Myths About Procedural<br /> Variables which originally appeared in the Dec/Jan 1993 issue of PC<br /> Techniques.<br /> ________________________________________________________________<br /><br />Windows Sound Programming<br /><br /><br /><br /> 6.1: WHERE CAN I FIND DOCUMENTATION ON WINDOWS SOUND PROGRAMMING?<br /><br /><br /><br /> For a start, try MMSYSTEM.HLP, in your \bp\bin directory.<br /> (The BP7 install program creates an icon for this in the<br /> Borland Pascal program group, but many people simply copy the<br /> BPW icon to a working group, and zap the BP group. Then, when<br /> they want to do some sound programming, they find there is no<br /> mention of it in the online help file, and they don't know<br /> where to turn.)<br /><br /> Unfortunately, MMSYSTEM.HLP only contains part of material in the<br /> SDK's Multimedia Programmer's Reference. Piecing together the sequence<br /> of steps to properly open a MIDI or WAV device from the help file can<br /> be tough! I strongly recommend the SDK - or, better, the DevNet CD.<br /> ________________________________________________________Sumedhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11533458660230230361noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1189550843890972872.post-74664295770027590102008-11-14T19:25:00.001-08:002008-12-23T04:04:13.461-08:00Analysis. . .<br />It is observed that among his contemporaries, hardly anyone<br />could grasp his vision. Shivaji always tried to befriend the Hindu<br />Sardars. However, he could not garner support from the people of his<br />contemporary generation. All his Contemporary Hindu big shots were<br />serving Islamic empires and fighting against his Kingdom. They were<br />seeing a Hindu Kingdom coming into existence. However, they had<br />nothing to offer except jealousy. The New generation, however, was<br />heavily influenced by his work and his ideology. The proof for this<br />statement is that Aurangzeb could not defeat the Marathas in spite of<br />27-year long warfare.<br />Repeatedly he entered into treaty with Mughals, Adilshah,<br />Kutubshah, and Portuguese. However, he was never the first to breach<br />the treaty with Adilshah OR Kutubshah. His policy towards Mughals and<br />Portuguese was always that of adversary. He did not harm English and<br />French and was neutral towards them. His policy towards Adilshah and<br />Kutubshah was that of potential strategic partners. Adilshah never<br />accepted alliance of Marathas completely and chose suicidal path.<br />Kutubshah did and put up a united front against the Mughal onslaught.<br />Chhatrasaal Bundela was one of the many young men who were inspired<br />from Shivaji. He went on to liberate his own homeland, Bundel Khand<br />from Mughals. Sikhs were influenced by Maratha upheaval. Guru<br />Gobindsinghji came to Deccan for establishing contact with Marathas<br />but Aurangzeb gruesomely killed him in Nanded. It is unfortunate that<br />Maratha-Sikh relation could not develop.<br /><br />Personal traits . . .<br />He was known to be very vigilant about honor of women; even<br />Persian documents praise him for this quality. His personal character<br />was very clean, quite anomalous with respect to his contemporaries.<br />It is a well-documented fact that he was tolerant towards masses of<br />all religions and never indulged himself in any of the heinous deeds<br />that the marauding Muslim and Christian forces had inflicted upon<br />India. It is proven by Shejvalkar, that although Shivaji was<br />courageous, he did not use horse as his frequent mode of<br />transportation. Usually, he used a Palaquin. Seven-Eighth of his<br />life, he spent on forts. The modus operandi of Shivaji and subsequent<br />Marathas involved thorough initial planning of the campaign,<br />accepting no more risks than are necessary, and as far as possible,<br />rarely indulging in personal adventures.<br />It is important to understand limitations of Shivaji and to<br />certain extent, subsequent Marathas. In 17th century, European rulers<br />had renaissance as their ideological backbone. Shivaji did not have<br />such ideological pool to derive inspiration. The Bhakti Movement was<br />one of the probable sources that might have influenced Shivaji in his<br />formative years. This differentiates Shivaji from Cromwell and<br />Napoleon. He was not a hedonist, nor a socialist. He never thought of<br />educating the downtrodden castes and reforming the Hindu society,<br />eliminating caste system. He never indulged in literacy campaign OR<br />establish printing press. He always purchased firearms from English<br />OR Dutch. It does not seem that Shivaji cared for the whereabouts of<br />white Europeans. Before his birth, Galileo had invented the<br />telescope, Columbus had discovered America, Magellan had<br />circumnavigated the globe, Issac Newton was his contemporary. Like<br />all great men, Shivaji was a product of his own time. His greatness<br />lies in his understanding of his contemporary time with all its<br />subtle undercurrents.<br /><br />How Small Shivaji Was...<br />The first fact to strike is that he created a kingdom. There<br />must have been over 500 Dynasties in India. Each had a founder. One<br />among them was Shivaji. The rest had an opportunity to do so because<br />of the reigning confusion. Vassals of a weak King would declare<br />independence with the central power helpless to prevent it. A<br />powerful general used to dethrone a weak King and raise his own<br />Kingdom. This had been the usual way of establishing a new dynasty.<br />The new King inherited the existing Army and the bureaucratic<br />structure automatically. In Shivaji’s case however, we find out that<br />he had to raise everything from nothing, who did not have the benefit<br />of a ready strong army; who, on trying to establish himself, had to<br />face the might of Great Powers; with neighboring Bijapur and Golconda<br />powers still on the rise and the Moghul Empire at its zenith. Shivaji<br />was carving away a niche out of the Bijapur Empire that had<br />assimilated more than half of Nijamshahi and was on its way to<br />conquer entire Karnataka. Here is somebody who, from the start, never<br />had the might to defeat his rivals in a face-to-face battle, who saw<br />the efforts of 20 years go down the drain in a matter of 4 months;<br />but still fought on to create an Empire with 29 years of constant<br />struggle and enterprise. It would be easy to see how small he was<br />once we find which founder to compare him to in the annals of Indian<br />history, on this issue. A typical Hindu power had certain<br />distinguishing traits. It is not that they did not emerge victorious<br />in a war. Victories - there have been many. However, their victory<br />did not defeat the adversary completely. The latter’s territory did<br />not diminish, nor his might attrite. The victory rarely resulted in<br />expansion of Hindu territory. Even though victorious, Hindus used to<br />become weaker and stayed so. In short, it is plain that they faced<br />total destruction in case of defeat and high attrition in case of<br />Pyrrhic victory.<br />A new chapter in Hindu history begins with Shivaji wherein<br />battles are won to expand the borders while strength and will power<br />is preserved in a defeat. Secondly, the Hindu Rulers used to be<br />astonishingly ignorant of the happenings in neighboring Kingdoms.<br />Their enemy would catch them unaware, often intruding considerably<br />into their territory and only then would they wake up to face the<br />situation. Whatever be the outcome of the battle, it was their land<br />which was defiled. The arrival of Shivaji radically changes this<br />scenario and heralds the beginning of an era of staying alert before<br />a war and unexpected raids on the enemy. Thirdly, the Hindu Kings<br />habitually placed blind faith in their adversaries. This saga<br />terminates with Shivaji performing the treacherous tricks. It was the<br />turn of the opponents to get stunned. In the ranks of Hindu Kings,<br />the search is still going on for somebody to compare with Shivaji on<br />24<br />this point. . His lifestyle was not simple. Having adopted a choice,<br />rich lifestyle, he was not lavish. He was gracious to other<br />religions. On that account, he may be compared with Ashoka, Harsha,<br />Vikramaditya, and Akbar. However, all of these possessed great<br />harems. Akbar had the Meenabazaar, Ashoka had the Tishyarakshita.<br />Shivaji had not given free reign to his lust. Kings, both Hindu and<br />Muslim, had an overflowing, ever youthful desire for women. That was<br />lacking in Shivaji. He had neither the money to spend on sculptures,<br />paintings, music, poetry or monuments nor the inclination. He did not<br />possess the classical appreciation needed to spend over 20 crores to<br />build a Taj Mahal as famine was claiming over hundreds of thousands<br />of lives; nor was he pious enough to erect temple after temple while<br />the British were systematically consuming India.<br />He was a sinner; he was a practical man like the rest of us.<br />Khafi Khan says he went to Hell. He would not have enjoyed the<br />company of the brave warriors who preferred gallant death to<br />preservation of their land. It would have ill suited him to live with<br />the noble Kings who would rather indulge in rituals such as Yadnya<br />than expand the army. For the Heaven is full of such personalities.<br />Akbar adopted a generous attitude towards Hindus and has been<br />praised for that. However, it is an elementary rule that a stable<br />government is impossible without having a contented majority. Akbar<br />was courteous to them who, as a community, were raising his kingdom<br />and stabilizing it for him. The Hindus he treated well were a<br />majority in his empire and were enriching his treasury through their<br />taxes. The Hindus had no history of invasions. They had not destroyed<br />Mosques. They were never indulged in genocides against Muslims. They<br />had not defiled Muslim women nor were they proselytes, as compared to<br />Abrahmic fanatics found in Muslims and Christians. These were the<br />people Akbar was generous to. On the contrary; Muslims were a<br />minority community in Shivaji’s Empire. They were not the mainstay of<br />his taxes. They were not chalking out a Kingdom for him. Besides,<br />there was a danger of an invasion and Aurangzeb was imposing Jiziya<br />Tax on Hindus. Yet, he treated Muslims well. That was not out of fear<br />but because of his inborn generosity.<br />Shivaji's expertise as a General is, of course, undisputed.<br />However, besides that, he was also an excellent Governor. He believed<br />that the welfare of the subjects was a responsibility of the ruler.<br />Even though he fought so many battles, he never laid extra taxes on<br />his subjects. Even the expenditure for his Coronation was covered by<br />the taxes on the collectors. In a letter he challenges, "It is true<br />that I've deceived many of my enemies. Can you show an instance where<br />I deceived a friend?" This challenge remains unanswered.<br />25<br />He funded establishment of new villages, set up tax systems on<br />the farms, used the forts to store the farm produce, gave loans to<br />farmers for the purchase of seeds, oxen etc, built new forts, had the<br />language standardized to facilitate the intra-government<br />communication, had the astrology revived and revised, encouraged<br />conversion of people from Islam to Hinduism. He was not a mere<br />warrior. Moreover, he believed that charity begins at home. His<br />brother in law, Bajaji Nimbalkar, was forcibly converted to Islam. He<br />called for a religious council and had him reconverted to Hinduism.<br />He reconverted many people who were forcibly converted to Abrahmic<br />faiths, Islam OR Christianity. Even after conversion, when nobody was<br />ready to make a marital alliance with Bajaji’s son, Mahadaji, Shivaji<br />gave his own daughter to Bajaji’s Son in marriage, and set an example<br />in society.<br />Secondly, and most important of all, to protect his Kingdom, his<br />subjects fought for over 27 years. After Shivaji's demise, they<br />fought under Sambhaji. After Aurangzeb killed Sambhaji, they still<br />fought for over 19 years. In this continued struggle, a minimum of<br />500,000 Moguls died (Jadunath Sarkar's estimate). Over 200,000<br />Marathas died. Still in 1707, over 100,000 Marathas were fighting.<br />They did not have a distinguished leader to look for inspiration.<br />There was no guarantee of a regular payment. Still, they kept on<br />fighting. In these 27 years, Aurangzeb did not suffer a defeat. That<br />was because Marathas simply lacked the force necessary to defeat so<br />vast an army. Jadunath says, "Alamgir won battle after battle.<br />Nevertheless, after spending crores of rupees, he accomplished<br />nothing, apart from weakening his All India Empire and his own death.<br />He could not defeat Marathas". When the Peshawai ended<br />(A.D.1818), there was an air of satisfaction that a government of law<br />would replace a disorderly government. Sweets were distributed when<br />the British won Bengal in Plassey (A.D.1757). Where ordinary man<br />fights, armies can do nothing. In long history of India, Kalinga<br />fought against Ashoka. After Kalinga, Maharashtra fought with Mughals<br />from grass-root level. The greatness of Shivaji lies here in his<br />ability to influence generations to fight for a cause.<br />Why was Shivaji successful in making common man identify with<br />his kingdom? The first reason is his invention of new hit and run<br />tactic. He showed people that they can fight Mughals and win. The<br />insistence was always on survival and maximum attrition of enemy in<br />his territory and successful retreat. He gave his men the confidence<br />that if they fight this way, they will not only outlast the Mughals,<br />but also defeat them. He gave way to traditional notions of chivalry<br />and valor on battlefield, for which Rajputs were famous. Instead, he<br />focused on perseverance, attrition, survival at all costs, series of<br />tactical retreats and then finishing off the foe. His land reforms<br />26<br />were revolutionary which further brought his subjects emotionally<br />closer to him. He took care of their material needs, which is of<br />utmost importance. He started the system of wages in his army. And<br />third reason is Hindu Ethos and hatred towards Muslim supremacy<br />prevalent in masses. In this light, the above facts demonstrate the<br />excellence of Shivaji as founder of a dynasty, which ended political<br />supremacy of Islam in India.<br /><br />Conclusion . . .<br />Shivaji fits in all the criteria of Chanakya’s ideal King.<br />Considering the prevalent socio-political scenario, it is fallacious<br />to try and fit Shivaji in classical Kshatriya values of chivalry and<br />nobility. Shivaji was religious; but he was not a fanatic. Although<br />ruthless and stubborn, he was not cruel and sadist. He was<br />courageous, yet not impulsive. He was practical; but was not without<br />ambition. He was a dreamer who dreamt lofty aims and had the firm<br />capacity to convert them into reality.<br />Shri. Narahar Kurundkar<br /><br />Epilogue on Coronation Controversy . . .<br />There have been few controversies existing regarding the<br />Coronation of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj.<br />This controversy has been fueled and used to create the famous<br />Brahmin-Maratha dispute in Maharashtra. I strongly oppose such<br />mischief mongers and believe that both these communities are pillars<br />of Maharashtrian society and need to move ahead hand in hand.<br />While criticizing any historical personality, I think, we must<br />think from the reference frame existing during that time. Trying to<br />apply present values and understanding of ethics to the people of<br />past is a big fallacy and nothing is more misleading and specious<br />than this.<br />The controversy arose due to following reasons.<br />Firstly, according to Hindu theology, in kali-yuga, there are<br />only 2 varnas; Brahmins and Shudras. There are no Kshtriyas and<br />Vaishyas. The opposition of Brahmins to recognize Shivaji as a<br />Kshatriya has the roots in this deep rooted belief. Shivaji proved<br />his descent by tracing his lineage to Sisodiya Rajputs of Rajasthan.<br />In fact, this was done by Shahaji itself in 1630's.<br />The Second issue was- Many Brahmins in past, like Krishnaji<br />Bhaskar emissary of Afzal Khan, were killed by Shivaji himself. It is<br />a well known fact that Brahma-Hatya (Murder of Brahmin) is one of the<br />biggest sins that are described in Hindu theology. No one was<br />supposed to kill a Brahmin. Since Shivaji had killed Brahmins,<br />according to theology, it was a crime with no Prayashchitta<br />(repentance ritual). But, Gaga Bhat being an authority on Vedic<br />literature argued that there were some repentance rituals which were<br />described in scriptures which could wash the sin of a man who had to<br />kill a Brahmin in extreme situations. Also, he reasoned that since<br />Brahmins that were killed by Shivaji were not practicing Brahmins,<br />but were just by birth, it is possible to have a repentance ritual<br />for the killings of Brahmins in such cases.<br />29<br />Thirdly, for being a Kshatriya OR Brahmin OR Vaishya, one has to<br />be a Dwija (twice born). According to Hindu theology, man comes to<br />birth on second instance when he has performed the thread ceremony OR<br />Upanayan Sanskar. After that ceremony, man enters Brahmacharya-<br />Ashram. After this stage, he can marry and enter Grihastha-Ashram.<br />Shivaji was already married to 8 ladies. So he entered Grihastha-<br />Ashram without going through Brahmacharya-Ashram and was an immoral<br />act according to scriptures. This was a technical fault. So thread<br />ceremony was performed on Shivaji and he formally became a<br />Brahmachāri. Then he remarried to his wives again and formally became<br />a Grihastha. Now he was eligible to be Coronated as a King.<br />After he became a Coronated King, he was conferred the authority<br />OR the Raja-Danda to punish Brahmin culprits to death as well. No sin<br />whatsoever, as a Coronated King is considered an incarnation of Lord<br />Vishnu himself.<br />Shivaji performed all these ceremonies and rituals of repentance<br />and others elaborately. There were too many rituals to perform.<br />Hence, it was a bit costly affair. He recovered the money by looting<br />Mughal treasury soon after the Coronation. He also levied a surcharge<br />over the Feudal Lords. He did not levy a single penny extra tax on<br />the common man.<br />Today, we may laugh on this ritualistic society. But at that<br />time, it was the norm of society. Shivaji himself abided to it. Hindu<br />society had become too rigid and ritualistic. And don't forget, this<br />was a revolutionary thing happening. It was something that was<br />unheard of in real life. It was heard only in myths and tales. It<br />takes time for a Rigid Society to accept this change. But the work of<br />Shivaji and authority of Gaga Bhat were in favor of this very<br />aberrant ceremony. Hence it was materialized.<br />We should not forget the ritualistic society that existed then,<br />and was at its lowest ebb due to Islamic supremacy.<br />Maratha movement was a part of overall Hindu revival. Everybody<br />in this world is motivated by selfish reasons. But, along with the<br />ambition to establish an Empire, their ambition also was to end the<br />socio-political Islamic Supremacy in India. Although they lasted for<br />170 years, from 1645-1818, they succeeded in loosening and throwing<br />30<br />the shackles of Islamic supremacy to a very large extent. Sikhs,<br />Ahoms, Jats, later Rajputs, Bundelas and many others were also an<br />important part of this overall Hindu Revival.<br />People from different states refuse to acknowledge this fact. It<br />is pity that many people from other states feel Mughals were much<br />closer to them than Marathas. This is partly because of certain illdeeds<br />of Marathas themselves.<br />The contribution of Marathas towards nationalistic Hindu Revival<br />was rarely understood in medieval days. And it is misunderstood in<br />this era by many people of other states.<br />I think, we need to polish and present our image in history with<br />vehemence so that we can give our ancestors due credit...sandyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02503582209971047801noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1189550843890972872.post-37744741435282948842008-11-14T19:24:00.003-08:002008-12-23T04:04:13.461-08:00Shivaji and Navy. . .<br />Shivaji started building his own naval forces since 1656, well<br />before he killed Afzal Khan. This explains the canvass of his vision.<br />Maratha-Portuguese relations were always strained. The decision of<br />Shivaji to build a navy was essentially to contain European forces.<br />Portuguese authorities issued orders to be wary of the Maratha Navy<br />from 1659. After the great Ramraja Chola of 11th century, no Indian<br />dynasty gave importance to the Navy. Vijaynagar, Adilshah, Kutubshah,<br />Nizamshah, Mughals were seeing the increasing Portuguese influence.<br />However, no one treated Navy as essential component of their armed<br />forces. The Construction of Naval forts like Sindhu-durga in 1664,<br />Vijay-durag, and Khanderi-Underi, his naval conquest of Basnoor and<br />Gokarna in 1665 are of immense importance while trying to grasp the<br />personality of this man. Portuguese had issued Inquisition in Goa and<br />were forcibly converting Hindus to Christianity, well before<br />Shivaji’s birth. He defeated Portuguese for the first time in 1667,<br />and Sambhaji and later the Peshwas continuously perpetuated his anti-<br />Portugal policy. The reasons of this policy were not only political,<br />but theological too. English were not a considerable force at the<br />time.sandyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02503582209971047801noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1189550843890972872.post-58929509608178514312008-11-14T19:24:00.001-08:002008-12-23T04:04:13.461-08:00Death. . .<br />Shivaji’s last days were marred with few internal conflicts<br />between his council of ministers and his son. The Chief of Army<br />HambirRao Mohite backed Sambhaji, while the other ministers backed<br />his wife Soyarabai’s claim that Rajaram be named as successor of<br />Shivaji. Moreover, at this very time, Shivaji was a patient suffering<br />from Bloody flukes, and Mughal armies were gathering on the<br />Frontiers. His cremation was not carried out on all its decorum,<br />because, the Maratha-Mughal clashes began in that very week. Later,<br />Sambhaji performed all the rituals with funeral games lasting for 12<br />days. He died on 3rd April 1680.sandyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02503582209971047801noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1189550843890972872.post-88519436848467998542008-11-14T19:23:00.003-08:002008-12-23T04:04:13.461-08:00The Conquest of South. . .<br />He undertook the conquest of south in 1677 and carved a Maratha<br />empire in Southern Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. This was the pinnacle of<br />his tactical, strategic, diplomatic and military achievements. In<br />doing so, he entered into a strategic alliance with Kutubshah. He<br />also persuaded Adilshah the importance of a United Deccan Front<br />against impending Mughal invasion, a vision that was long propounded<br />by his father, Shahaji.sandyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02503582209971047801noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1189550843890972872.post-43509402909236570522008-11-14T19:23:00.001-08:002008-12-23T04:04:13.462-08:00Coronation. . .<br />In 1674, Shivaji successfully proved his Kshatriya descent using<br />the documents that his father had already attested through Adilshahi<br />government. He performed all sorts of rituals, thread ceremony,<br />marrying his own wives again. That was the time when religion was<br />very much influential.<br />According to Hindu theology, Coronation OR Rajya-Abhishek is a<br />holy ceremony of immense socio-political importance. King being<br />incarnation of Vishnu, his land was his wife, and all his subjects<br />were his children. An authorized OR Coronated King was an incarnation<br />of Vishnu himself.<br />By that time, the mentality of a common Hindu in India was that<br />ruler is always a Muslim. In addition, ruler of Delhi was considered<br />as Emperor of India. The Bahamani Kingdom, at its zenith, considered<br />themselves as Vazirs of Delhi Sultanate, who in turn considered<br />himself as subordinate of Caliph. Since the rulers were Muslims,<br />Indian Muslim Emperors usually portrayed India as a part of Islamic<br />Caliphate. Allah-ud-din Khilji had his rule attested from the ruler<br />of Iran. Aurangzeb had his rule on India attested from the Caliph of<br />Ottoman Empire in Turkey. Even Adilshahi, Kutubshahi considered ruler<br />of Delhi as Emperor of India. There were many Rajput Hindu Kings<br />before Shivaji. However, no one had himself Coronated according to<br />Vedic tradition. Even the mighty Hindu Vijaynagar Empire did not have<br />a King that was Coronated according to Vedic Tradition. This very<br />ancient ritual of Rajya-Abhishek had disappeared from India after<br />1000 AD. People knew of this ritual only from stories in the Ramayana<br />and Mahabharata.<br />Gagabhat resurrected this ritual again after studying Vedic<br />literature and Coronated Shivaji. This was a revolutionary event,<br />considering the rigid religious society existing at the time. On one<br />had, Shivaji was relating himself with Rama, Yudhishthira and<br />Vikramaditya. On other hand, he was appealing to emotions of all<br />Hindus in India, stating that they have a Formal Hindu Empire in<br />India, which was fighting for the cause of Hindus. According to Hindu<br />Puranas, the lineage of Kshatriya Kings was lost in Kaliyuga. By<br />performing this ritual, Shivaji was symbolically stating that<br />Kaliyuga was over and Satya Yuga had begun. He was making a statement<br />that a new age had begun.sandyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02503582209971047801noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1189550843890972872.post-8617353759077094742008-11-14T19:22:00.004-08:002008-12-23T04:04:13.462-08:00The RevivalShivaji laid low for 3 years after his escape from Agra.<br />Meanwhile, he implemented various land reforms in his lands. Shivaji<br />and his minister Annaji Datto were the main pioneers of the land<br />reforms introduced. He started the practice of giving regular wages<br />to soldiers. From 1669 onwards, he unleashed himself on Mughal and<br />Adilshahi territory in Maharashtra. His revival was further<br />instigated by growing fanaticism of Aurangzeb shown by his<br />destruction of Hindu temples like Kashi Vishweshwar and Mathura and<br />countless others along with imposition of Jiziya Tax on Non-Muslims.<br />He not only regained the lost territory but also conquered new one.<br />The expansion of Maratha state was alike in land and sea. Entire<br />western Maharashtra, parts of Southern Gujarat and Northern Karnataka<br />were brought under Maratha dominion. Land reforms were introduced<br />which increased his popularity amongst the masses immensely. At the<br />time of his coronation in 1674, his influence was substantial enough<br />for others in India to recognize him as a formidable power.<br />Especially, his rebellion against Aurangzeb made him a hero amongst<br />the new generation of Hindus.sandyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02503582209971047801noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1189550843890972872.post-45969660951553725292008-11-14T19:22:00.003-08:002008-12-23T04:04:13.462-08:00Rajput - Mirza Raja JaisinghMost of the contemporary chroniclers have taken for granted the<br />soft corner for Shivaji in Mirza Jaisingh’s heart. There are about 26<br />letters available, which suggest that Jaisingh was one of the most<br />trusted generals of Aurangzeb. After defeating Shivaji, it was<br />Jaisingh’s suggestion that Shivaji be called to Delhi. Aurangzeb<br />accepted it. It was Jaisingh’s suggestion that Shivaji be kept in<br />house arrest. Aurangzeb accepted it. It was Jaisingh’s suggestion<br />again that he must not be harmed, for any injury to his health may<br />culminate into a rebellion amongst recently subdued Marathas. It was<br />Jaisingh’s reasoning that Shivaji be kept as captive in Delhi to<br />blackmail Marathas, but must not be harmed. Aurangzeb accepted this<br />suggestion too. Later, he has publicly admitted the folly of his of<br />accepting this particular suggestion of Jaisingh. Aurangzeb was in<br />favor of killing off Shivaji. Jaisingh shows a complex mixture of<br />emotions when it comes to Shivaji and Sambhaji. He was seeing a Hindu<br />state coming into existence in spite of all odds. Nevertheless, he<br />was a faithful servant of Aurangzeb.<br />It was not very sensitive of Jaisingh to keep nine-year-old<br />Sambhaji as captive in his camp until all the terms of the Maratha -<br />Mughal treaty were implemented. As a politician, Jaisingh was brutal<br />and ruthless. However, he had an emotional side as well. It is<br />documented that both Shivaji and Mirza Jaisingh had deployed<br />mercenary assassins to finish each other. However, both failed.<br />The clauses of the treaty were also quite harsh on the part of<br />Marathas. Shivaji had to cede 23 forts and region giving revenue of<br />400,000 rupees to Mughals. Shivaji was left with 12 forts and region<br />of 100,000 rupees. Shivaji had to accept supremacy of Aurangzeb and<br />forced to serve Aurangzeb as an ordinary Jagirdar. Shivaji and<br />Marathas were practically finished, thanks to the shrewd politics of<br />Jaisingh and Aurangzeb.sandyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02503582209971047801noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1189550843890972872.post-74848884467676250252008-11-14T19:22:00.001-08:002008-12-23T04:04:13.463-08:00ShaistekhanThis is yet another example of Shivaji’s cunningness. Shivaji<br />had defeated a few of Shaistekhan’s generals, namely, Kartalab Khan,<br />and Namdar Khan. However, the pinnacle was the surprise attack on<br />Shaistekhan in Mughal stronghold, in his bedroom! Shivaji chose the<br />month of Ramadan to attack Shaistekhan. Shaistekhan was staying at<br />Lal Mahal, which was childhood home of Shivaji. Therefore, he knew<br />everything there was to know about the place. Less than 100 men, led<br />by Shivaji, attacked this palace, which was surrounded by Mughal army<br />as strong as 150,000 in pitch darkness of 7th night of Ramadan. It<br />was a total frenzy. In the darkness, Shivaji and his men were killing<br />anybody who came in their way. About 50 Mughal soldiers, 6 elite<br />women, 6 common women, many eunuchs, Shaistekhan’s son, his son in<br />law, some of his wives, and daughter in laws were killed in this<br />attack. Shaistekhan was attacked in his bedroom and lost his three<br />fingers. He escaped, however. Shaistekhan was attacked in April 1663.<br />He stayed in Pune for 6 months and tried to whitewash his failure.<br />But, to no avail. In December, Aurangzeb transferred Shaistekhan to<br />Dhaka as governor of Bengal.<br /><br />Shaistekhan and Surat . . .<br />It is possible to stun the world around you by doing something<br />extraordinary. All the magicians do that. However, that was not the<br />business of Shivaji. The period, for which the world has been<br />stunned, Shivaji retained his poise and did something extraordinary<br />which used to, gave him a lasting success. After the defeat of Afzal<br />Khan, he went on to conquer Konkan, South Maharashtra and forayed up<br />to the region as deep as Bijapur. After attacking Shaistekhan, he<br />retook the lost Konkan. It was his political understanding that he<br />used to attain lasting success by a swift campaign followed by a<br />stunner. Shaistekhan tried to contain Shivaji for 6 months, but to no<br />avail. Aurangzeb had no issues with surprises, but what next? This<br />was his realistic question. Shaistekhan left for Bengal in December<br />1663, and in January 1664, Shivaji plundered Surat. If Afzal episode<br />gave Shivaji a pan-Indian popularity, this task of looting Surat made<br />him an international celebrity where he was discussed in all the<br />Muslim and a substantial part of the Christian world. With this act<br />he formally declared war on Aurangzeb.sandyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02503582209971047801noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1189550843890972872.post-37123205940980791902008-11-14T19:21:00.001-08:002008-12-23T04:04:13.463-08:00The escapeShivaji is one of the most enigmatic person and King in Hindu<br />history. His friends could not understand him. His enemies could not<br />understand him too. The only person in those times, who could<br />understand Shivaji, was Aurangzeb. It was the vision of Aurangzeb<br />when he predicted the danger that Shivaji can be as early as 1646,<br />when he was governor of Deccan in his first term. During his second<br />term as governor of Deccan, Shivaji plundered Mughal territory of<br />Junnar and Bhivandi in early 1650’s. These forays of Shivaji<br />coincided with Shahjahan’s ill- health. Hence, Aurangzeb had to<br />return to North to participate in the battle of succession with his<br />brother Dara. Nevertheless, he warned Adilshah and Kutubshah about<br />this upcoming danger of Shivaji. Shivaji again entered a treaty with<br />Mughals in June 1659, to deal with impending Afzal Invasion. At the<br />same time, Shaista Khan, maternal uncle of Aurangzeb, was appointed<br />as governor of Deccan. By that time, in late 1659, Siddhi Jauhar,<br />Adilshah’s last attempt to control Shivaji, had cornered Shivaji in<br />Panhalgadh. Taking advantage of this, Shaista Khan invaded the<br />Maratha state, occupied Pune, and besieged the ground fort of Chakan.<br />However, Shivaji escaped from Panhalgadh to Vishalgadh in July<br />1660, due to valiant effort of his 600 men, most of which died in<br />order to keep Shivaji safe. The hero of the battle was Bajiprabhu<br />Deshpande, who is immortalized for his sacrifice in the pass of Pavan<br />Khind. Figuratively, the battle of Pavan Khind can be compared with<br />the Battle of Thermopylae fought in 480 BC. 300 Greeks and 900 others<br />under the Spartan King Leonidas defended the pass for 3 days against<br />large Persian army under Xerxes. Coincidently, even Bajiprabhu had<br />300 men to defend the pass against 10,000 Adilshahi forces. The<br />battle of Pavan Khind is excellent example of superior use of terrain<br />to the benefit of a small but disciplined army. They held on until<br />the signal of Shivaji’s safety arrived. All of them were slain<br />thereafter.sandyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02503582209971047801noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1189550843890972872.post-78806781904477484992008-11-14T19:20:00.002-08:002008-12-23T04:04:13.463-08:00Afzal KhanThis is one of the most dramatic moments in Shivaji’s life that<br />gave him pan-Indian fame. Shivaji began his work in 1645. He defeated<br />Adilshah in 1648 and after the treaty, Afzal Khan was appointed as<br />Subhedar of Vai in 1649. Shivaji conquered Jaavli in 1656<br />nevertheless. Given this background, Afzal was marching to destroy<br />Shivaji. There is an added perspective to this relation as well.<br />Shivaji’s elder brother, Sambhaji, was killed in battle due to<br />treachery of Afzal Khan in early 1650’s. Shivaji had pledged to kill<br />Afzal Khan as a vengeance. Therefore, there was a personal touch to<br />this struggle as well.<br />Afzal Khan was aware of Shivaji’s valor and courage; his record<br />of deceit, his pledge to kill him for settling the score. Afzal<br />himself was valiant and master of all deceitful tactics. He had a<br />record of being ever alert. Yet, it is an enigmatic choice to make on<br />his part to leave his army behind and meet Shivaji alone. Certain<br />Persian documents suggest an explanation stating that it was Jijabai,<br />Shivaji’s mother, who guaranteed safety of Afzal Khan. It was a<br />notion that his mother heavily influenced Shivaji. No one knows<br />exactly what happened in that meeting. Shivaji had planned this<br />strike for almost 4-5 months. Afzal was just an opening move in his<br />campaign. It was a plan of Shivaji to kill Afzal and establish terror<br />in the mind of Adilshah. Many Marathi records state that it was Afzal<br />who struck first. However, this is not definitive, looking at the<br />depth of planning by Shivaji that preceded it. It was in plans of<br />Shivaji to finish Afzal Khan. Therefore, who struck first is a matter<br />of speculation, given Afzal’s infamous and felonious record of<br />deceit. Shivaji had planned his entire expedition taking death of<br />Afzal for granted.<br />Afzal wanted to avoid Jaavli, but Shivaji’s moves forced him to<br />enter the difficult terrain. In May-June 1659, Adilshah issued orders<br />to all the local zamindars to help Afzal. However, most of the<br />deshmukhs in the region backed Shivaji. The main collaborator of this<br />alliance was Kanhoji Jedhe, a special man of Shahaji. Thus, here<br />again we see the influence of Shahaji working in favor of Shivaji.<br />The local Zamindars preferred to fight for Shivaji and refused to<br />cooperate with Adilshah is itself testimony to this fact. Shivaji’s<br />stature had not grown so much yet to influence the decision of<br />masses. The basic outline of Shivaji’s strategy was -<br />To Kill Afzal Khan at Pratapgarh in the meeting OR in the<br />battle that would follow.<br />Destruction of his army stationed at the base of Pratapgarh by<br />Armies of Silibkar and Bandal.<br />11<br />Destruction of Afzal’s troops on Jaavli-Vai road by Netaji<br />Palkar.<br />Destruction of Afzal’s armies in the Ghats by Moropanta<br />Pingle.<br />Subsequent hot pursuit of fleeing Adilshahi forces.<br />To capture Panhalgadh and Kolhapur and Konkan, and invade the<br />territory in Karnataka up to Bijapur as soon as possible.<br />This entire strategy was planned for 3-4 months. This was a huge<br />campaign. Shivaji was not a fool to waste all this planning. Shivaji<br />had planned the killing of Afzal. Who struck first in that meeting is<br />speculative. Nevertheless, looking at this holistic planning, I think<br />it did not matter to Shivaji whether Afzal struck first OR not. Afzal<br />was infamous for many such deceitful killings in his life. Therefore,<br />given his past record, it is not garrulous to assume that Afzal<br />struck first. However, nothing definitive is known about it. The<br />weapon used by Shivaji, according to Marathi resources, was Tiger-<br />Claw and a curved Dagger, Bichwa. It is possible that even a Sword<br />was used.<br />Dutch reports state that while Shivaji was advancing towards<br />Bijapur after Afzal’s defeat, even his father Shahaji was approaching<br />Bijapur with huge army simultaneously. Thus, we can see the plan on a<br />grand scale. However, somewhere, something went wrong. Shivaji’s<br />forces came as close as 16 miles from Bijapur and waited for three<br />days. Shahaji’s forces from Karnataka reached 5 days late and<br />returned from 20 miles. (It is said that) Certain Persian documents<br />buttress this Dutch claim. Thus, one of the delicately planned<br />campaigns was not completed to its fullest. This is last reference of<br />Shahaji in Shivaji’s political life. Hereafter, Shivaji grew without<br />support OR shadow of his father. Adilshah sent Rustum-e-jaman to<br />destroy Shivaji. However, for the first time, Shivaji entered into a<br />classical head-on cavalry charge, and completely out maneuvered and<br />defeated Adilshahi forces 10,000 strong. Shivaji had 5000 horses at<br />his command.sandyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02503582209971047801noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1189550843890972872.post-56616771299878327692008-11-14T19:20:00.001-08:002008-12-23T04:04:13.463-08:00A turning pointJaavli’s conquest is of prime importance, to grasp the vision of<br />Shivaji. This region was so difficult to conquer that Malik Kafur,<br />who defeated the Seuna Yadav Dynasty of Devgiri in the 13th century,<br />lost 3000 men in the attempt. Mahmud Gavan too was defeated while<br />conquering this region. It was one of the most isolated regions in<br />entire India, and remained aloof from Muslim dominance throughout<br />history. Shivaji maintained an amicable relationship with Chandrarao<br />More of Jaavli. Chandra Rao was a title given to the Ruler of Jaavli.<br />The real name was Daulat Rao More. After death of Daulat Rao, Shivaji<br />made Yashwantrao as ruler of Jaavli. These events are of 1647, when<br />Shivaji was 17. Here again we see the vision of his father working.<br />Later, in 1649, Afzal Khan was appointed Subhedar of Vai region, to<br />mitigate the growing influence of Shivaji in Jaavli. Mohammad<br />Adilshah was ill; Afzal Khan was busy in Karnataka expedition. Taking<br />advantage of this situation, Shivaji attacked Jaavli in 1656 and<br />conquered it in one stroke. Yashwantrao fled to Raigadh, which<br />Shivaji subsequently captured after three months. Yashwantrao was<br />captured and sentenced to death for his activities against Maratha<br />State and Shivaji proclaimed assimilation of Jaavli in his Kingdom.<br />Strategically, this valley is of immense importance as it oversees<br />the routes into Konkan and Goa.sandyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02503582209971047801noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1189550843890972872.post-9025786269895728142008-11-14T19:19:00.002-08:002008-12-23T04:04:13.464-08:00SambhajiWhether Sambhaji consumed alcohol? Was he charged for rape of a<br />woman? Was he involved in orgies with women? Can his behavior with<br />Soyarabai, Moropanta, Annaji Datto, be justified? All these questions<br />are difficult to answer and are muddled in mutually contradictory<br />dubious claims. The personal qualities are anyways not of any use<br />while determining the greatness of an individual in politics.<br />Shivaji arrived at the conclusion that Maratha state will have<br />to fight a decisive war with Mughals, somewhere in 1660-1664. He knew<br />that the Shaistekhan campaign was just a beginning. Mughals had<br />started deploying their armies on the frontiers of Maratha Kingdom in<br />Maharashtra, Gujarat, and Madhya-Pradesh since 1679. The news that<br />Aurangzeb himself is coming to invade Deccan reached Maharashtra in<br />January 1680, just 2-3 months before death of Shivaji. By that time,<br />Mughals had already deployed 150,000 to 200,000 men. The clashes<br />began in the very week Shivaji died. Moropant Pingle (the Peshwa),<br />Hambirrao Mohite (chief of armed forces), Annaji Datto (head of<br />finance department) were preparing to face this impending invasion.<br />Since 1678, Shivaji was continuously purchasing weapons, firearms,<br />and was upgrading his armies, his forts and his navy in anticipation<br />of this final showdown.<br />This much-anticipated invasion started in 1681 with 250,000 men,<br />new king, and opponent Aurangzeb himself with all the might of Mughal<br />Empire behind him. In spite of this, the continuous warfare from 1681<br />to 1685 resulted in retreat of Mughals from Maratha territory and<br />redeployment of troops against Adilshah and Kutubshah. All<br />capabilities of Sambhaji in his territorial administration, his<br />strategic understanding, his ability to boost the morale of troops,<br />his ability to make right moves were at stake and were thoroughly<br />tested and sharpened. Shivaji never had to face such an enemy in his<br />entire lifetime like Sambhaji. This feat demands immense patience and<br />will power. Therefore, given the fight that Sambhaji put forth,<br />should we give weight age to adjectives like frivolous, incapable,<br />impatient, and all other jargons used by Marathi chroniclers OR the<br />adjectives used by Dutch and English as patient, and stubborn warrior<br />is an individual choice.<br />The personal character of Sambhaji was not that bad either, as<br />against that portrayed by some Bakhars. Many a Maratha Sardars were<br />mildly addicted to alcohol, hemp, opium etc. Rajaram, second son of<br />Shivaji, was highly addicted to opium.<br />Aurangzeb himself was addicted to alcohol until his death.<br />However, that never interfered with politics. Aurangzeb captured and<br />brutally murdered Sambhaji in 1689. By that time, the result of<br />warfare was as follows- Sambhaji had conquered three fourth of<br />Portuguese Empire in Goa and assimilated it into Maratha state. The<br />region in Karnataka under Maratha rule doubled. The Maratha army<br />doubled itself in numbers and became better equipped. Five-six forts<br />in Maharashtra were lost. Gained three-four new ones; Aurangabad,<br />Burhanpur, Goa, plundered. Dhanaji Jadhav illusively kept the Mughal<br />army, 75,000 strong, away from Maharashtra in Gujarat. Thus, we can<br />see Shivaji’s understanding of politics inherited in Sambhaji.sandyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02503582209971047801noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1189550843890972872.post-37485725799682474772008-11-14T19:19:00.001-08:002008-12-23T04:04:13.464-08:00ShahajiShahaji was a Sardar in Nizamshah’s court at Ahmednagar.<br />Nizamshah willingly sacrificed Lakhuji Jadhav for Shahaji. Yet,<br />Shahaji went to Adilshah in 1624. Despite of valiantly fighting for<br />Adilshah for two years, he returned to Nizamshah in 1626. He again<br />changed his loyalties and became Mughal Sardar in 1630. Yet again,<br />after valiantly fighting for Mughals, he returned to Nizamshah in<br />1632. In all these transitions, he maintained his Jagir in Pune at<br />his discretion. He maintained an army that was loyal to him and him<br />alone, irrespective of the power he was serving. He initiated the<br />policy of uniting Deccan against North Indian Mughals. Many notable<br />people like Khavaskhan, Kutubshah, Madanna and Akanna of Golconda,<br />Murar Jagdev supported this united Deccan policy that Shahaji<br />initiated. Shivaji repeatedly pronounced this policy. Sambhaji<br />considered himself as a patron of Adilshah and Kutubshah.<br />Shahaji appointed Dadoji Kondadev, as his chief administrator of<br />Pune Jagir. He himself was administrating his Jagir in Bangalore,<br />Karnataka. It was his vision that he distributed his property between<br />two sons in 1636. The Karnataka Jagir was for elder son Sambhaji and<br />Pune Jagir for younger son Shivaji. He made Adilshah to appoint<br />Dadoji Kondadev as Subhedar of Pune and gave him control of some army<br />(about 5000 strong) 15-20 forts, and entire administrative personnel<br />in the form of a Peshwa, an accountant and others. Shivaji took his<br />oath on Rohireshwar of establishing a Hindavi Swarajya in presence of<br />Dadoji. The first letter bearing the official seal of Shivaji is<br />dated 28th January 1646. It is difficult to comprehend that young<br />Shivaji who was a teenager of 15 years, had all this blueprint of<br />establishing a Hindu Swaraj along with seals and official letterheads<br />in his mind. One has to accept the vision and power of Shahaji that<br />was guiding him, correcting him and shaping him.<br />Shahaji was carving a kingdom of his own in Karnataka. He was<br />doing exactly the same thing through Shivaji in Maharashtra as well.<br />At both places, the administrators, Shahaji in Bangalore and Shivaji<br />in Pune were calling themselves as Raja, were holding courts, and<br />issuing letters bearing official seals in Sanskrit. Adilshah was<br />weary of this and in 1648; two independent projects were undertaken<br />by Adilshah to eliminate these two growing kingdoms in its territory.<br />Shivaji defeated Adilshah’s general Fateh Khan in Pune, Maharashtra.<br />At the same time, his elder brother Sambhaji defeated Adilshah’s<br />other general Farhad Khan in Bangalore. The modus operandi of Maratha<br />troops on both the frontiers is similar, again reinstating the<br />guiding vision of Shahaji. The subsequent treaty that was signed<br />between two Bhonsale brothers and Adilshah to rescue Shahaji, who was<br />held captive by Adilshah, marks the first Mughal-Maratha contact. In<br />8<br />1648-49, Adilshah captured Shahaji in order to blackmail his two sons<br />to cede the territory conquered by them and accept Adilshah’s<br />supremacy. Shivaji wrote a series of letters to Dara Shikoh (Subhedar<br />of Deccan), pledging to be subservient to Mughals. Mughals recognized<br />Shivaji as a Mughal Sardar and pressurized Adilshah to release<br />Shahaji. In return, Shivaji ceded Simhagad, and Sambhaji ceded<br />Bangalore city and Kandarpi fort in Karnataka.<br />We can see the coherency in actions of Shivaji and Sambhaji. The<br />men assisting both the brothers were loyal to Shahaji and were<br />trained under him. Even though Shivaji was administrative head of<br />Pune Jagir, many people appealed to Shahaji against Shivaji’s<br />decisions up to 1655. Up to this point, Shahaji’s word was considered<br />final in all of the important matters. Until this point, Shivaji was<br />not at all free to take all the decisions on his will. There was a<br />higher power that was controlling his activities. Gradually after<br />1655, this interference went on diminishing, and Shivaji started<br />emerging more and more independent.<br />Thus, if we see these three men in a link, Shahaji, Shivaji and<br />his son Sambhaji, all the actions of Shivaji start making sense. In<br />this way, we are better able to grasp the greatness of the man,<br />Shivaji.<br />Shivaji had himself coronated as a Kshatriya King in 1674.<br />Shahaji initiated this policy. The Ghorpade clan of Marathas<br />considered themselves as descendents of Sisodiya Rajputs. Shahaji<br />attested his claim on the share in Ghorpade’s property from Adilshah<br />long before 1640. In reality, there is no connection whatsoever<br />between Sisodiya Rajputs and Bhonsale clan. Nevertheless, Maloji<br />started calling himself as Srimant Maloji Raje after becoming a<br />bargir. Shahaji legalized this claim of being a Rajput from Adilshah.<br />This was of great help to Shivaji at the time of his coronation in<br />1674. It is interesting to see that even after coronating himself as<br />a Hindu Emperor, Shivaji continued writing letters to Aurangzeb,<br />referring him as Emperor of India, and stating that he was a mere<br />servant of Great Aurangzeb. We can see the basic pragmatic mindset of<br />Shivaji which was fueled by great dream of establishing Hindu Self<br />ruling state.sandyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02503582209971047801noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1189550843890972872.post-33320361021038427102008-11-14T19:16:00.000-08:002008-12-23T04:04:13.464-08:00Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj - IntroductionThe Character of Shivaji is one of the most enigmatic<br />characters in the history of India. There are people who deify him<br />and put him on the pedestal of god. Few of them are on the way of<br />declaring him as an incarnation of Lord Shiva. Many myths are now<br />associated with him. Many others view that he was a mere local<br />Maratha chieftain who was rebelling against the Mughal Empire and<br />completely overlook the role he played in Hindu revival in India.<br />Many others, who cannot comprehend the pragmatic approach of Shivaji,<br />which was most practical given his humble beginnings, brand him as a<br />mere plunderer and looter and equate him with ordinary dacoits.<br />Between these two poles of emotions, Shivaji, the man, is on the<br />verge of extinction. This is an attempt to resurrect him.<br />In the process of understanding Shivaji, few events need to be<br />understood. In the long list of those events, first one is about his<br />grandfather, Maloji Bhonsale and his great grandfather Babaji<br />Bhonsale. Documents suggest that Maloji was a Jagirdar of Pande-<br />Pedgaon. He inherited substantial part of his jahagir. Shahaji was<br />born in 1602, Maloji died in 1607 in the battle of Indapur. Shahaji<br />was 5 years old when this tragedy struck. Maloji, at the time, was a<br />Bargir serving Lakhuji Jadhav of Sindkhed Raja, a place in central<br />Maharashtra.<br />Jijabai gave birth to six children. First four did not survive.<br />Fifth and sixth were Sambhaji and Shivaji respectively. Shivaji’s own<br />marital life was not very different from his father. He never gave<br />importance to any of his queens and rarely entertained their<br />interference in politics. He performed all the duties as a husband<br />and kept his wives in as much comfort as possible, but no importance.<br />To study Shivaji, we need to view him as a part of a chain of<br />three men constituting his father Shahaji, he himself, and his son,<br />Sambhaji. Without understanding the other two, one cannot hope to<br />comprehend Shivaji.sandyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02503582209971047801noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1189550843890972872.post-35179610636463280562008-11-07T10:47:00.000-08:002008-12-23T04:04:13.464-08:00Before Buddha what is the religion of people?Before Buddha what is the religion of people?<br /><br />Answer:-- Basically religion is meant for converting vicious-prone man of animal culture into virtuous man. Buddha's Dhamma is complete research of Buddha for the welfare and peace of human beings on the earth.Before Buddha it was rather animal culture in large extent. There was Vedic religion, the religion of superstition, praising of non-existing god, rites, rituals, sacrifices of animals in Yajna, promoting and strengthening of Varna/Caste system. Vedic religion exists now in form of Brahminism/Hinduism . This is no religion, but convenience of Brahmins (Foreigners- Native of Eurasia as confirmed from DNA test reports) to rule over the aboriginal/native people of this country. The religion was not worth for the development/ progress of people.<br />> >><br />> >> Who are the First men and women in the Word and Who create these all?<br />> >> Answer:- This is the question in purview of science (Biology), anthropology, DNA Science etc. They only can answer better. However, for your information, the first man/woman was born in South Africa and spread their generations subsequently all over the world gradually. Who create them, I don't know, but I reiterate that this question pertains to science and not religion. Religion founders' period was dark age in respect of science and technology. And as such, they did not know a,b,c,d of science and technology. Yet, they made speculative statement i.e. God created men and women. Buddha did not make any statement on creation of universe, men and women, whereas all other religion founders stated that god created universe, men and women. Whereas Buddha was silent on this arbitrary questions. Having been so, Bertrand Russell, the Nobel Prize winner revered Buddha as the greatest religion founder. If you are among the persons believing god has created universe, men and women, it would be a crude and speculative thought having no reasoning. Having knowing nothing about science and answering the question, is mere a part of "Speculative Philosophy" of theistic religions. In order to cure a disease one has to go to doctor. Doctor examines him thoroughly, makes some tests i.e. pathological tests, x-ray, and other such relevant tests by means hi-fi instruments/<div><wbr>equipments and then he prescribes remedial measures i.e. medicine, operation etc. So is the case to know answer of such arbitrary questions of which answers must be sought from relevant scientists/technolo<wbr>gist/anthropolog<wbr>ists etc. It is totally irrelevant and illogical if we seek answers from god-believer'<wbr>s philosophy i.e. Quran, Geeta or Bible.<br /><br />> >> As per rebirth concept and the punishment for karma who is doing that process?<br />> >> Ans:- There is no rebirth. There is no relationship between Karma and punishment. There exists no heaven or hell, but they are the states of mind. "Other world!, there is no other world, if here or no where, is the whole fact of life, for one may believe or not" : Milton. Nobody has ever seen anybody is punished for karma by supernatural thing (God) which never, ever exists. Only law punishes which are ruled by man. Or almighty Nature punishes human being (whether he is virtuous or vicious)if he breaches its physical, chemical and biological law. For instance, if a virtuous and a vicious man fall down from 25th storeyed building, then both will bound to die, because they both breach physical law ie. Law of gravity. Another example is, if a man goes to brothel and sex with prostitute. Subsequently he contracts Aids/STDs. This is the punishment to go against the Nature and its perennial laws. This is also sin in religious point of view. There exists no god, no soul or no anything supernatural in the world. There are three types of world on this world ie. 1) Conscious World - The world of people. 2) Unconscious World - The world of Nature/Material. Man is also a byproduct of Nature. 3) God's World - This world never, ever exists in reality. It is speculative, nonexisting and imaginary world. It is held by world of words/scripts having no relevance. It is mere mental state. Hence, better let us ignore the world in order to open rational thought gates of our minds. "Truth lies beyond. So, let us not afraid to go beyond". "Doubt-mongers having no rational and scientific thinking are as if, going for <span style="font-weight: bold;">milking ox</span> instead of cow". "All false religions on the earth are enemies of Nature and Science".: Ruso.<br /><br />> >> Where is the ending of the human life after death? From where we came?<br />> >> Answer: -- This is not the question in purview of religion, but science and anthropology, DNA science. Theistic religions have/had been un-necessarily poking their noses in the questions of science and technology, which they don't know a,b,c,d of it. As such, they give rise to speculative philosophies and virus people's mind with irrational and illogical thoughts which lead to blind beliefs.<br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">"Ham log khilauna hai, ek aise khiladi ka,</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Jisako abhi sadiyontak yeh khel rachaana hai": Sahir Ludhiyanvi.</span><br />i.e. We are the playthings of a player, by whom this game (of life) is to be continued for millennia together. The player is not non-existing/ imaginary God, but it is "NATURE", which has no thinking power at all. Nature is in neutral (it) form. Yet, man is the byproduct of Nature. Nature is almighty and unconscious having no thinking power governed by its perennial laws i.e. Physical, Chemical and Biological laws. "Natural process is the Master/supreme process."<br />"Every thing acts in conformity of Natural law".<br />If you are interested I can email you my detailed 36 paged article so that you may get detailed information well adhered to science, law of Nature and human mind.<br /><br />> >> Who is doing to die and who is giving life?<br />Answer:-- This is not the question in purview of religion, but science and anthropology, DNA science. Theistic religions have/had been un-necessarily poking their noses in the questions of science and technology, which they don't know a,b,c,d of it. As such, they give rise to speculative philosophies and virus people's mind with irrational and illogical thoughts which lead blind beliefs.<br />We are living in the age of giant in respect of science and technological developments, jet, hi-fi computer age, but ethically infant age. So, it is better to know the question's nature, whether it pertains to science and technology, anthropology, DNA science and from there only realistic answers to the arbitrary questions can be sought. Mere resorting on answers from Quran or bible or Geeta is not relevant and reliable. Let us keep bias away in order to go to search truths of life."What Newton writes carry no meaning, but what he proves, is all and final".</div>Sumedhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11533458660230230361noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1189550843890972872.post-43024250540498508292008-11-07T03:52:00.000-08:002008-12-23T04:04:13.465-08:00 FOREX CAPITAL MARKET<meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///D:%5CUSERPR%7E1%5Csshende%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><link rel="themeData" href="file:///D:%5CUSERPR%7E1%5Csshende%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx"><link rel="colorSchemeMapping" href="file:///D:%5CUSERPR%7E1%5Csshende%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_colorschememapping.xml"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> 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mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal"><span class="postbody">In the FOREX CAPITAL market, you buy or sell currencies. Placing a trade in the foreign exchange market is simple: the mechanics of a trade are very similar to those found in other markets (like the stock market), so if you have any experience in trading, you should be able to pick it up pretty quickly. </span>
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<br /><span class="postbody">The object of Forex trading is to exchange one currency for another in the expectation that the price will change, so that the currency you bought will increase in value compared to the one you sold. </span>
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<br /><span class="postbody">An exchange rate is simply the ratio of one currency valued against another currency. For example, the USD/CHF exchange rate indicates how many U.S. dollars can purchase one Swiss franc, or how many Swiss francs you need to buy one U.S. dollar. </span>
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<br /><span class="postbody"><b>How to Read an FOREX CAPITAL MARKET Quote </b></span>
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<br /><span class="postbody">Currencies are always quoted in pairs, such as GBP/USD or USD/JPY. The reason they are quoted in pairs is because in every foreign exchange transaction you are simultaneously buying one currency and selling another. Here is an example of a foreign exchange rate for the British pound versus the U.S. dollar: </span>
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<br /><span class="postbody"><b>GBP/USD = 1.7500 </b></span>
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<br /><span class="postbody">The first listed currency to the left of the slash ("/") is known as the <b>base currency </b>(in this example, the British pound), while the second one on the right is called the <b>counter or quote currency </b>(in this example, the U.S. dollar). </span>
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<br /><span class="postbody">When buying, the exchange rate tells you how much you have to pay in units of the quote currency to buy one unit of the base currency. In the example above, you have to pay 1.7500 U.S. dollar to buy 1 British pound. </span>
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<br /><span class="postbody">When selling, the exchange rate tells you how many units of the quote currency you get for selling one unit of the base currency. In the example above, you will receive 1.7500 U.S. dollars when you sell 1 British pound. </span>
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<br /><span class="postbody"><b>The base currency is the “basis” for the buy or the sell</b>. If you buy EUR/USD this simply means that you are buying the base currency and simultaneously selling the quote currency. </span>
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<br /><span class="postbody">You would buy the pair if you believe the base currency will appreciate (go up) relative to the quote currency. You would sell the pair if you think the base currency will depreciate (go down) relative to the quote currency. </span>
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<br /><span class="postbody"><b>Long/Short</b> </span>
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<br /><span class="postbody">First, you should determine whether you want to buy or sell. </span>
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<br /><span class="postbody">If you want to buy (which actually means buy the base currency and sell the quote currency), you want the base currency to rise in value and then you would sell it back at a higher price. In trader's talk, this is called "going long" or taking a "long position". Just remember: <b>long</b> = <b>buy</b>. </span>
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<br /><span class="postbody">If you want to sell (which actually means sell the base currency and buy the quote currency), you want the base currency to fall in value and then you would buy it back at a lower price. This is called "going short" or taking a "short position". <b>Short</b> = <b>sell</b>. </span>
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<br /><span class="postbody"><b>Bid/Ask Spread </b></span>
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<br /><span class="postbody">All Forex quotes include a two-way price, the <b>bid</b> and <b>ask</b>. The bid is always lower than the ask price. </span>
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<br /><span class="postbody">The <b>bid</b> is the price in which the dealer is willing to buy the base currency in exchange for the quote currency. This means the bid is the price at which you (as the trader) will sell. </span>
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<br /><span class="postbody">The <u>ask</u> is the price at which the dealer will sell the base currency in exchange for the quote currency. This means the ask is the price at which you will buy. </span>
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<br /><span class="postbody">The difference between the bid and the ask price is popularly known as the <b>spread</b>. </span>
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<br /><span class="postbody">Let's take a look at an example of a price quote taken from a trading platform: </span>
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<br /><span class="postbody">On this GBP/USD quote, the bid price is 1.7445 and the ask price is 1.7449. Look at how this broker makes it so easy for you to trade away your money. </span>
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<br /><span class="postbody">If you want to sell GBP, you click "Sell" and you will sell pounds at 1.7445. If you want to buy GBP, you click "Buy" and you will buy pounds at 1.7449. </span>
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<br /><span class="postbody">In the following examples, we're going to use fundamental analysis to help us decide whether to buy or sell a specific currency pair. If you always fell asleep during your economics class or just flat out skipped economics class, don’t worry! We will cover fundamental analysis in a later lesson. For right now, try to pretend you know what’s going on…</span></p> Sumedhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11533458660230230361noreply@blogger.com0